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  • Category: Pollution
  • Founded: Aug 9, 2004
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#1773 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
Date: Thu Aug 3, 2006 2:21 pm
Subject: Suit Filed Over Paradise Coal-fired Plant in Kentucky
hopeforclean...
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Good info here on health effects of coal fired power plants,
Joy
 
 
 
Suit Filed Over Paradise Coal-fired Plant in Kentucky
WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Aug. 2 -/E-Wire/-- The Center for Biological Diversity and residents of Kentucky filed suit this week against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia over the agency's failure to address dangerous deficiencies in the Tennessee Valley Authority's Paradise coal-fired power plant operating permit.

The Tennessee Valley Authority's Paradise power plant ("TVA Paradise") is located on the Green River in Muhlenberg County, western Kentucky, where the town of Paradise once stood. In 1967, the Tennessee Valley Authority tore down Paradise, later memorialized in John Prine's folk song by the same name, to make room for the power plant.

TVA Paradise is now one of the largest sources of air pollution in the nation. It burns more than 7 million tons of coal and emits thousands of tons of air pollutants each year that the EPA has identified as hazardous to human health and the environment. These pollutants cause a variety of health problems such as asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, birth defects and decreased intelligence, and also contribute to climate change.

- The federal Clean Air Act regulates the emission of many of these substances from power plants by requiring these facilities to have a valid operating permit. While the Division for Air Quality of the Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection Cabinet has issued an operating permit to TVA Paradise, the lawsuit alleges that this permit is deficient in many respects, including failing to require TVA Paradise to operate modern pollution control equipment year-round. The EPA, in turn, has violated the Clean Air Act by failing to modify or revoke the permit in light of these flaws.

"The EPA now clearly acknowledges that pollution from coal-fired power plants can foul our air and cause a variety of serious illnesses," said Julie Teel, staff attorney for the Center for Biological Diversity. "The fact that the EPA is still not taking corrective action with regard to TVA Paradise's air pollution permit, which is years overdue, indicates something is wrong with the moral compass EPA is using to set its priorities."

TVA Paradise also threatens Western Kentucky's ecosystems, which include the most intricate cave and underground stream system in the world. Dr. Hilary Lambert, a resident of Lexington, Kentucky, explained that Mammoth Cave National Park, a World Heritage Site located downwind of the Paradise plant, receives the brunt of the airborne pollution: "The pollution gets trapped in the folds and hollows of the park's wooded landscape, helping to give Mammoth Cave National Park the dubious distinction of having the third worst air quality of any national park in the country." In Dr. Lambert's view, "It is well past the time for someone to rein in the decades of arrogant behavior shown by the operators and owners of the Paradise coal-fired power plant, which daily darkens the skies of western Kentucky with its fallout."

Preston Forsythe, who lives near TVA Paradise, expressed similar disappointment that the EPA has ignored their pleas to bring the TVA Paradise permit in compliance with the law, but said, "I can see TVA Paradise and its dark plume of pollutants from my home. I can no longer sit by while an agency that was created to protect us from precisely this kind of harm allows TVA Paradise to illegally pollute the air, ground and water where my family lives." Contact Info:

Julie Teel

Center for Biological Diversity

Tel : (619) 224-3400

E-mail : Website : Center for Biological Diversity

/SOURCE:
Center for Biological Diversity
-0-
08-02-2006
/CONTACT:
Julie Teel Center for Biological Diversity Tel : (619) 224-3400 E-mail :
/WEB SITE: http://http://www.biologicaldiversity.org Center for Biological Diversity
**************************************************************************


From:
Joy Towles Ezell
hopeforcleanwater@...
hope@...
850 584 7087
"We are the ones we have been waiting for".

HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

"Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

The people, united, can never be defeated.


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#1774 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
Date: Fri Aug 4, 2006 11:34 pm
Subject: Area beaches prone to bacteria Numerous closings prompt inquiries
hopeforclean...
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Gee, guess it couldn't have anything to do with Buckeye's very high coliform levels in the Fenholloway......why is that so hard to admit?
Joy
 
 

Originally published August 4, 2006
Area beaches prone to bacteria
Numerous closings prompt inquiries

 
Some area beaches again top the list of those in Florida with water-quality problems, a national environmental group reported Thursday.
 
Mashes Sands and Carrabelle Beach in 2005 were among the 10 Florida beaches with the most advisories against swimming because of high bacteria levels, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council.
 
 
<a href="http://gcirm.tallahassee.com/RealMedia/ads/click_lx.ads/news.tallahassee.com/stories/localnews/554043591/ArticleFlex_1/OasDefault/00034a_FFCU/FFCU_new_html.html/34623639386333643434643364373230?http://www.firstflorida.org"><IMG SRC="http://gcirm.tallahassee.com/RealMedia/ads/Creatives/OasDefault/00034a_FFCU/firstflorida.gif" WIDTH="300" HEIGHT="250" BORDER="0"></a>
Beaches in Wakulla and Franklin counties, including Shell Point, Alligator Point and St. George Island, also have faced frequent advisories in recent years. But those beaches remain open this week, and there have been few advisories since Memorial Day.
 
A new advisory was issued Thursday against swimming at Mashes Sands. Advisories remained for the four beaches monitored in Taylor County, according to the Florida Department of Health.
 
Bacteria can indicate viruses and other threatening organisms associated with human waste, department officials say. State and local health officials have said they're not sure what's causing the high bacteria levels.
 
Inadequate treatment of sewage and stormwater runoff are among the possible causes statewide, said Linda Young, the director of the Clean Water Network of Florida, which released the report Thursday in Tallahassee.
 
"In almost every case where you have these violations, you will find runoff," she said. "There is going to be some development there."
Other potential bacteria sources include migrating waterfowl and boats dumping sewage, according to Young and the NRDC report.
 
A study completed last year at Mashes Sands failed to confirm a bacteria source. Possible sources identified in the study included a beach bathroom that once used a septic tank and boats on the Ochlockonee River.
 
Another study under way in Taylor County is looking at water quality in coastal areas with septic tanks, according to the Florida Department of Health. A new study in Wakulla County also is expected to be launched.
 
In releasing the report Thursday, environmental groups accused the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of weakening water-quality standards. The NRDC announced it is suing the EPA to force it to update beach water standards, a task the group says was required by Congress in 2005. EPA officials could not be reached for comment.
 
Contact reporter Bruce Ritchie at (850) 599-2253 or britchie@....



From:
Joy Towles Ezell
hopeforcleanwater@...
hope@...
850 584 7087
"We are the ones we have been waiting for".

HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

"Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

The people, united, can never be defeated.


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#1775 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 3:05 am
Subject: Dixie County beach is one of nation's dirtiest, report says; all 4 tested in Taylor make "worst" list
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Article published Aug 4, 2006
Aug 3, 2006

Dixie County beach is one of nation's dirtiest, report says

FYI: The Dixie County beach
  • Shired Island beach is located south of Horseshoe Beach near the Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge.
  • Fifty-six percent of water samples taken last year at the beach violated federal health standards for bacteria contamination, the report said.


  • A Dixie County beach ranked as one of the most contaminated in the country, in a report issued Thursday by the Natural Resources Defense Council.

    Fifty-six percent of water samples taken last year at the Shired Island beach violated federal health standards for bacteria contamination, according to the report. The beach is located south of Horseshoe Beach near the Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge.

    The same report showed that Florida's beaches rank among the nation's cleanest based on national standards.

    Only 4 percent of Florida's beach samples exceeded the national bacteria standard in 2005, according to the report. That's half the national average.

    The Shired Island beach is so remote that the source of the contamination is likely animal waste, said Wesley Asbell, environmental health director for Dixie County. But while the department has done tests at the beach, it hasn't determined the source.

    "It's a limited resource program and our concern is informing the public," Asbell said.

    Samples found high levels of enterococcus, a bacteria found in the feces of people and animals. The bacteria can cause diseases including urinary tract and wound infections.

    Linda Young, director of the Clean Water Network of Florida, said she hasn't investigated the situation at Shired Island. But she said it's unlikely animal waste could have been the main source of the contamination.

    "I just can't imagine how animals can create that much pollution in the water," she said.

    The defense council's report named Shired Island as one of 22 "beach bums," which violated standards at least half the time samples were taken. The beach was the only one in Florida to earn the distinction.

    This year doesn't look any better.
    Health advisories were issued at Shired Island following 25 of the 29 tests conducted in 2006, according to Florida Department of Health Web site.

    Bacterial contamination shut Florida beaches or prompted health warnings for more than 3,000 days in 2005, according to the report. The number was a 2 percent increase from the previous year and nearly double the amount tracked in 2002.

    Young said such contamination can be caused by polluted runoff that also has other consequences. Nutrient-filled runoff can feed red tide, an algae bloom that discolors water, infects shellfish and sickens people.

    "I think people definitely need to connect the dots," she said.

    "It's not terribly surprising that we've had to put out 'no swimming' signs more and more because every day Florida's gaining a thousand new people," Young said. "We have inadequate sewage treatment facilities statewide and we have inadequate stormwater regulations."

    Florida Department of Environmental Protection spokesman Anthony De Luise defended the state's anti-pollution record, saying its beach standards are among the nation's most stringent. The state also has spent $1.6 billion on more than 800 sewage treatment and stormwater projects in the past seven years, he said.

    Nathan Crabbe can be reached at 352-338-3176 or crabben@.... The Associated Press contributed to this report.




    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Yahoo! Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.

    #1776 From: SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents@yahoogroups.com
    Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 9:56 pm
    Subject: Taylor County Commission meeting, 8/7/2006, 6:00 pm
    SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents@yahoogroups.com
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Reminder Reminder from the Calendar of SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents
    Taylor County Commission meeting

    Monday August 7, 2006
    6:00 pm - 9:00 pm
    This event repeats on the first Monday of every month.

    Event Location: Old Perry post office, downtown, 102 E. Green St
    Phone: Diane 850 584 4328

    Notes:
    Commission meetings first Monday and third Tuesday of each month
    ADVERTISEMENT


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    #1777 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 10:13 pm
    Subject: biggest emitters of neurotoxin mercury pollution in FL are JEA's Northside Plant and the Crystal River coal fired Power Plant.
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
    Firstcoastnews.com Article
    Report: Florida ranks fourth in nation for total toxic emissions

    TALLAHASSEE, FL (AP) -- Environmental groups say a new report shows that Floridians are being exposed to dangerous toxins such as mercury and dioxins.

    The National Environmental Trust released a report called "Toxic Neighbors" today.

    The report says Florida ranks fourth in the nation for total toxic emissions from power plants.

    The state ranks 3rd for emissions of dioxin and 15th for mercury emissions.

    According to the report, the biggest emitters of neurotoxin mercury pollution in Florida are Jacksonville Electric Authority's Northside Generating Plant and the Crystal River Power Plant.

    The Florida Public Interest Research Group says new technology can clean up these plants and blames the Bush administration for falling short of the promise of the Clean Air Act.

    Associated Press
    no date found on this article
    **********************************

     
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Yahoo! Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.

    #1778 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 10:28 pm
    Subject: Attorney sues North and Central FL power plants and cement kilns over mercury pollution
    hopeforclean...
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    Article published Mar 5, 2006
    Gainesville Sun 

    Attorney sues over mercury pollution

    Some might think taking on the region's power plants and cement kilns is a quixotic pursuit. But Andre Shiromani says he isn't tilting at windmills.

    The Gainesville attorney last week sued every power and cement plant within 75 miles of town, claiming they create a public nuisance by spewing mercury that taints fish. Two years out of law school, Shiromani says he's idealistic but not unrealistic in believing the lawsuit can force change.

    "The courts are still for the people and not for the corporations," he said.

    The suit is part of his work guiding a clinic for University of Florida law students on the issue of mercury-contaminated fish. A dozen students have interviewed local anglers about their fish consumption and will conduct education efforts about the dangers of eating fish caught in area waterways, he said.

    Mercury is a neurotoxin that can damage the growing brain. Most fish caught in Florida have low to medium levels of mercury and should be eaten sparingly by children and pregnant women, according to the state health department.

    Cement and power plants are the biggest local sources of mercury emissions, though the effect of those emissions on the area environment is still a matter of debate. Shiromani claims the companies running those plants - including Gainesville Regional Utilities and Florida Rock Industries - have violated the public trust in contaminating waterways and fish.

    Representatives from GRU and Florida Rock said they wouldn't comment on the lawsuit before having the chance to review it in detail. But Segundo Fernandez, who has represented Florida Rock over its cement kiln in Newberry, said the kiln's emissions aren't a threat to public health.

    "Florida Rock is in complete and total compliance with all its mercury limits," he said. "The company believes that the state and federal permits provide the appropriate guidance."

    Shiromani admits his suit doesn't stand much of a chance unless a big-budget environmental group agrees to provide funding. The suit is essentially "a smoke signal" to attract those groups, he said.

    The suit is filed on behalf of the Florida Fishers and Hunters Association, a group he created to represent anglers. In interviewing them, he also seeks potential clients whose ability to fish for fun and food has been curtailed by health warnings

    At Newnan's Lake in Gainesville last week, he talked with people fishing on the banks about how much they catch and eat each month. Willie C. Lewis, a 56-year-old Gainesville resident, said he fishes regularly but eats his catch maybe once a week.

    "I've been kind of scared of eating them everyday," he said.

    But other regulars on the lake make locally caught fish a major part of their diets. A 79-year-old Gainesville woman, who asked not to be identified by name, sat next to a fat catfish she'd just pulled from the water.

    She said she catches 100 or more fish each month, eating them twice a week and giving the rest to other seniors in her apartment complex.

    Rachel Petrofsky, a University of Florida political science student, has been working with the group in doing interviews. She said she's been surprised at the amount of people who eat large numbers of locally caught fish.

    She hopes the group's efforts will educate people about the dangers of mercury and potentially have farther-reaching consequences.

    "We're already making a difference . . . and we hope to make a bigger difference," she said.

    Shiromani said his experience in Tulane University's Environmental Law Clinic shows that his suit is more than just a show. The clinic sued ExxonMobil in 2004 over pollution from a Louisiana refinery, which spurred a judge last year to order the company to reduce emissions.

    Shiromani's case isn't the first time legal action has been pursued against Florida utilities over mercury emissions. Jacksonville attorney Alan Pickert has given notice of his intent to sue the Jacksonville Electric Authority, on behalf of about 50 children with autism.

    He claims mercury from power plants and vaccines caused their condition. Pickert said that litigation is tied up in the vaccination side of the case, which must be resolved before action against the utility is pursued.

    But he said power plants are ripe to be held liable for emissions, citing a University of Texas study last year that found increased levels of autism in families living near power plants.

    "That's pretty scary if you ask me," he said.

    Pickert called the Gainesville lawsuit a novel approach to dealing with the issue. Shiromani said he thinks the approach will attract others to the cause.

    "It's going to be much bigger than me," he said.

    Nathan Crabbe can be reached at (352) 338-3176 or crabben@ gvillesun.com.


     
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1779 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 11:11 pm
    Subject: Pensacola School Receives Solar Electric System
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    Pensacola School Receives Solar Electric System

    Pensacola – Florida schools are using the state’s free supply of sunshine to boost their energy needs. DEP, together with Gulf Power, the Florida Solar Energy Center and Escambia County Schools held a ribbon cutting ceremony on November 6 for the newly installed solar electric system at Pensacola’s West Florida High School for Advanced Technology.
    “Planning for future energy needs ensures a brighter tomorrow for Florida,” said DEP Deputy Secretary for Regulatory Programs and Energy Allan Bedwell. “Installing solar technology in our schools protects our environment and quality of life and also provides an unparalleled educational opportunity for students.” Solar Panel
    This first solar electric system installation launches Florida’s Solar for Schools Program, which aims to place 29 solar electric systems in schools throughout the state. A first of its kind in Florida, the public-private partnership combines clean energy production with science in schools.
    “Florida’s energy and environmental futures are inextricably linked,” said Deputy Secretary Bedwell. “The most important source of energy is the energy we conserve. Advancing clean energy technology conserves resources, prevents pollution, saves taxpayer dollars and, in this case, teaches valuable lessons to the leaders of tomorrow.”
    Unlike fossil fuels, the energy created by the solar unit emits no noise or pollution. The electric power generated by the system will be used to power the school’s classrooms, with excess energy returned to the local power grid. The system will also provide an on-site classroom for students to learn more about solar power and the benefits of energy conservation.
    “The solar facility will be a valuable teaching tool and will give students an opportunity to view energy from another perspective,” said West Florida High School Principal Lesa Morgan.
    West Florida High School is the only school in Escambia County participating in the Solar for Schools Program. The school integrates traditional academic subjects with technical training to prepare students for employment or post-secondary education.
    Florida’s Solar for Schools Program is funded by the Florida Energy Office and managed by the Florida Solar Energy Center. The Center is providing the engineering design for system installations and inspections, and posting select metered data online at www.fsec.unf.edu.


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Yahoo! Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.

    #1780 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 5, 2006 11:24 pm
    Subject: The Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the U.S. & Florida, and Differential Environmental Costs for Power Plant Fuel Options
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
       The Economic Cost of Air Pollution in the U.S. & Florida, and Differential Environmental Costs for Power Plant Fuel Options    
     
          Without estimates of pollution damage cost, it is impossible to determine the cost effectiveness of air pollution prevention or mitigation  methodologies or technologies, or to compare the total cost to society of energy options. A White House report has found that the amount of money spent by businesses and the public to comply with federal regulatory policies -- especially environmental policies -- is overshadowed by the economic benefits that result from those expenditures (71).  The National Commission on Energy Policy found that efficiency policies for appliances, buildings, equipment, and vehicles have proved over the last 30 years to be an effective antidote to pervasive market failures that would otherwise lead to systematic under-investment in energy efficiency, and that the benefits of past efficiency policies have substantially outweighed their costs(24).   This paper grew out of a major effort by researchers at Pace University(26) to assess the economic cost of energy externality effects for Florida and other states, and is primarily an annotated bibliography summarizing cost estimates of some of the economic costs of environmental and health damage of various air pollutants, from studies listed in the Bibliography.     Detailed descriptions of the extent of the various damage or health effects are not included in this paper, but are available in other referenced papers detailing the environmental and health effects of acid pollutants, greenhouse gases, and toxic metals.       Summary tables will also be provided in an appendix.
     
    World Energy Consumption and Emission Trends
            Dept. of Energy EIA reference case projections of world energy use between 2005 and 2025 are for an increase of 2% per year or a total of 47% over that period (23).  U.S. energy use growth is projected as 1.3% per year and a total of 27%.  World coal consumption is projected to increase by 2% per year for a total of 45%, while U.S. coal consumption is projected to increase by 1.5% for a total of 35% over the next 20 years. World carbon dioxide emissions based on this reference case are projected to increase by 2% per year with a total increase of 48% (23).  The goal of the Kyoto Accord on global warming which has been adopted by the majority of nations is to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions over this period.  The primary policies that have been implemented for this purpose are carbon emission caps, carbon emission allowance trading, and emission reduction incentives.
     
    Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming
     
    1. The Scientific Advisory Panel to the U.S. Dept. of Energy and the National Commission on Energy Policy(24) consider the greenhouse effect/global warming to be the number one energy problem in the U.S.  Three reports by the National Academy of Sciences and the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment support the position that global warming is a serious problem and action should be taken to reduce emissions(29). Several largescale studies make a strong case that the buildup of greenhouse gases have initiated a significant global warming over recent decades( 60,64,65,66,1), as also predicted by numerous atmospheric temperature computer models(16,21,1). A 2001 report by the U.N. International Panel on Climate Change indicates that surface temperatures have warmed significantly in the last 20 years and are expected to have large increases over the next century(1).  While plans for greenhouse gas emission reductions have recently been implemented by the majority of nations, that are party to the Kyuota Accord, for other industrial countries like the U.S. and China there are no restrictions where the largest increase is expected and where emissions are expected to double over the next 100 years.
        The global average temperature has increased at least 0.5 degrees Centigrade since 1900, and 0.2 degrees Centigrade since 1975(1,44,29,60,64,65,66).  A dramatic warming of ground surface temperatures has occurred in areas such as the North slope of Alaska and areas of Canada(62). All studies of groups of boreholes measuring ground surface temperatures have found a warming trend in recent decades(61). The increase in the eastern North American continent temperatures is over 1 degree Celsius.      The global average temperature for 1995 was the hottest in recorded history and 7 of the top 8 hottest years were since 1980 (31.2,44).  After 2 cool years in 1992 and 1993 due to worldwide aerosol cooling caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo(31.9), global temperatures are again very warm in 1994 and 1995.   The average temperatures in Central Asia have also been higher in recent decades than at any time in the last 10,000 years(45.6).  Ice core boring projects by scientists in Greenland, Antartica, China, and Tibet have all confirmed that historically there has been a clear and significant association between the level of greenhouse gases and global temperature over the last 40,000 years (45,45.2,45.4,45.6).  These studies also found that there have been large changes in global temperature in relatively short time intervals.
    Ocean surface temperatures have also been found to be increasing.
     Ocean surface temperatures off California to British Columbia have increased between 1.2 to 1.6 degrees Celsius since the 1950s, resulting in a dramatic decrease of 80% in the population of zooplankton which is at the base of the food chain(52).  Coastal ocean temperatures are 2 to 5 degrees F above normal, which may be related to a lack of updwelling, in which cold, nutrient-rich water is brought to the surface.  This has resulted in large declines of other parts of the ecosystem including a drop in fishing tonnage of over 35%, and even higher decreases for some birds and fish heavily dependent on zooplankton.  Warm water marine snails and mollusks off the U.S. Pacific coast have been found to be expanding their range north at a rapid rate over the last decade(53).    Similar temperature increases and ecosystem effects have been documented in the Gulf of Mexico(54,55)
            CLIMATE change researchers have detected the first signs of a slowdown in the Gulf Stream — the mighty ocean current that keeps Britain and Europe from freezing. They have found that one of the “engines” driving the Gulf Stream — the sinking of supercooled water in the Greenland Sea — has weakened to less than a quarter of its former strength. The weakening, apparently caused by global warming, could herald big changes in the current over the next few years or decades. Paradoxically, it could lead to Britain and northwestern and Europe undergoing a sharp drop in temperatures(57).
     
     
        All over the world glaciers and ice packs are melting at unusually fast rates(26.4,26.5,45.6).  Glaciologists estimate that glaciers in the alps have lost over 50% and worldwide at least 15% in the last 100 years, with glaciers retreating at an average of 9.3 meters per year.   A research group for the Soviet Geophysical Group found over 85% of 408 Asian glaciers monitored retreated in the last 40 years, with retreat averaging 13.3 meters per year.  Mauri Pelto, Director, North Cascade Glacier Project, indicates that 91 of 114 glaciers monitored for the last decade in the Northwest U.S. have retreated(26.5),   and 24 glaciers in the Rocky Mountains are retreating by an average of 13.7 meters per year.  Since 1963, over 43% of the ice on Tanzania's Mount Kenya has disappeared and similar for ice in the Andes Mountains(45.6).  Similar findings were observed in Kazakhstan, Kenya, New Guinea, New Zealand, Scandinavia, the Canadian Rockies, and the Gulf of Alaska.   The average retreat of these glaciers is 6.7 to 14.9 meters per year(26.5).  The average temperature increase in these glacial areas for the last century was found to be 0.7 degrees Celsius (26.5).  Mountain plant communities were found to be unable to migrate upward fast enough to adapt to the changing climate(26.4).
        Gases having a greenhouse effect include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, CFCs, and water vapor.  Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased over 27% in the last century(26.7,31.6,1), and is increasing exponentially by about 5 billion metric tons or 2% per year(23,9,44).   Methane in the atmosphere has increased over 100% in the last 100 years and is increasing exponentially at 1% per year; methane has 3.7 times the warming potential of CO2(44).  Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) are increasing at 5% per year, and have 25,000 times more warming potential than CO2.  Nitrous oxide has 180 times more warming potential than CO2, and is increasing in the atmosphere at approx. 0.25% per year.  In the coming century, carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, and nitrous oxide are projected to be responsible respectively for 50%, 18%, 14%, and 6% of future greenhouse warming(44). 
        While industrial countries have in the past released the majority of carbon dioxide, if the current trends continue Third World countries will release 4 times as much carbon dioxide by 2025 as developed countries do now (1,29,26.7).   China is the world's most coal dependent country and the largest producer of coal (25% of world supply).  China had a 65% increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the 1980s(26.7).  China also has vast supplies of natural gas and renewable resources that have not been widely developed.  Some scientists believe the results on temperature increases, weather pattern changes, regional climate changes impacting plants and crops, and rising sea levels could be catastrophic in the next 50 years if the present pattern continues.  Computer models suggest that average global surface temperatures will rise between 2.5 and 10.4 degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century(29).
     
        The U.S. produces over 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions(carbon dioxide, methane,nitrogen oxide,CFCs,etc.).      Carbon dioxide is responsible for approx. 50% of greenhouse gas emissions.   Burning fuel releases approx. 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year, with the largest amount coming from coal combustion(9,43,1).  CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion is increasing at approx. 2% per year(23).  Coal plants are responsible for over 80% of utility CO2 emissions in the U.S., with residual oil producing 80% as much CO2 per BTU of power produced as coal and natural gas producing 60% as much CO2 per BTU(44).  Electric power plants are responsible for approximately 35% of U.S.  carbon dioxide emissions(30), while the transportation system is responsible for 30%, the industrial sector for 24%, and residential/commercial users 11%.  Pulverized coal plants produce approx. 2 pounds of CO2 per kwh of generated electricity.
     

     
        A comprehensive analysis of greenhouse gas trends and impacts, as well as   a detailed analysis of alternative policies and options for stabilizing global warming are given in an EPA report(35.5).  There are other factors that cause "positive feedbacks" which augment the greenhouse effect, as well as factors that have the opposite effect of cooling.  Soot, sulfuric acid haze, and haze from burning tropical forests are factors that tend to promote cooling(31.8)  Several largescale studies have documented the cooling effect of these atmospheric pollutant aerosols(59,60,64); computer models predict that the cooling effect has been at least 0.5 degrees C and has offset the global warming caused by greenhouse gas buildup by this amount.  The computer models modeling global temperatures have been found to predict temperature patterns relatively accurately compared to observed global temperature patterns when both green house gas increases and pollutant aerosol patterns are taken into account (60,64,65,66).  Although there is direct global cooling due to global ozone layer loss (37), it has been found that the decline in ozone and the buildup of greenhouse gases also have significant mutually reinforcing mechanisms which make both more problematic (63). Global warming increases ice clouds in the stratosphere which increases ozone layer decline, while ozone layer decline increases ultraviolet radiation which causes decline in ocean phytoplankton which then causes reduction in ocean sequester of CO2 from the atmosphere.  The increasing level of world deforestation (1,9,29,44) and changes in the earth's albedo and cloud cover due to these other factors also have feedback effects which have been modeled in models to assess global warming.  Another positive feedback involves microbes in the soil which release CO2.  Some studies indicate that as global warming occurs, microbial action will substantially boost CO2 in the atmosphere over the next 50 years(32,34).  Some studies indicate considerable levels are already being released in the tundra areas of Alaska and Siberia, which was not occurring in the 1970s (34).   Studies have also found that the warmer ocean surface temperatures are causing major increases in the magnitude of hurricane winds and damages(69,69.5).
    In Siberia an area of permafrost spanning a million square kilometres— the size of France and Germany combined— has started to melt for the first time since it formed 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age(34.5). Siberia’s peat bogs have been producing methane since they formed at the end of the last ice age, but most of the gas had been trapped in the permafrost.  The area, which covers the entire sub-Arctic region of western Siberia, is the world’s largest frozen peat bog and scientists fear that as it thaws, it will release billions of tonnes of methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere.  The thaw has greatly accelerated in  the past three or four years.  Climate scientists warned that predictions of future global temperatures would have to be revised upwards.  Western Siberia is heating up faster than anywhere else in the world, having experienced a rise of some 3C in the past 40 years. Scientists are particularly concerned about the permafrost, because as it thaws, it reveals bare ground which warms up more quickly than ice and snow, and so accelerates the rate at which the permafrost thaws.  Projections of the release of methane is to effectively double atmospheric levels of the gas, leading to a 10% to 25% increase in global warming(34.5).
    Katey Walter of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, told a meeting of the Arctic Research Consortium of the US that her team had found methane hotspots in eastern Siberia. At the hotspots, methane was bubbling to the surface of the permafrost so quickly that it was preventing the surface from freezing over. According to Larry Smith, a hydrologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, the west Siberian peat bog could hold some 70 bn tonnes of methane, a quarter of all of the methane stored in the ground around the world(34.5).  A widespread decline in lake abundance and area has occurred in Siberia since 1973, despite slight precipitation increases to the region.  The spatial pattern of lake disappearance suggests that thaw and "breaching" of permafrost is driving the observed losses, by enabling rapid lake draining into the subsurface(34.7).
     
     
        Estimates of the future cost of greenhouse emissions vary widely, with most in the range 0.5 to 2.4 cents per kwh for power plants(12,26,28,44), but some are extremely high.    A study by economist William Cline estimated the total cost at $60 billion per year to the U.S., including: $18 billion for agriculture impact of heat stress and drought; $11 billion for addition cooling cost, and   $7 billion for damage from sea level rise(30.5).  An Urban Institute study assessing the infrastructure damage or needs to prevent damage from sea level rise to the city of Miami, estimated the cost over the next century at over $1 billion(20).   Data from a satellite launched in 1992 indicate that global sea levels are rising approx. 100 percent faster since 1992 than over the last century- about 3 millimeters per year(35.3).
     
       The relative cost damage due to carbon dioxide emissions from different electric power sources are proportional to the CO2 produced per unit of energy production.  The total carbon dioxide produced by different technologies(27) in metric tons per Giga‑Watt Hour(GWH) are:
     
     
             conventional coal plant                964
             conventional coal with wet scrubber   1030
             fluidized bed coal plant               980
             IGCC(Coal gasification combined cycle) 751
             oil fired plant                        726
             natural gas fired plant                484
             photovoltaics                            5
             solar thermal                            4
     

     
         The most cost effective measures for controlling carbon dioxide growth
    appear to be  conservation programs/standards and  energy efficiency improvements.  Another innovative approach being investigated is carbon sequestering by ocean calcareous algae or by halophyte plants that grow in saline or desert soils(9).   Recent studies that assess cost effectiveness of methods to reduce greenhouse emissions include (27,29,30.9,44).  A U.S. Dept.  of Energy study(27) ranked CO2 reduction strategies as follows:
     
        Reduction Strategy           Cost              Maximum Percent
                                     ($/ton removed)        CO2 Reduction
        Conservation Standards
                     High                   < 0                    18%
                     Very High         280                    28%
     
        Reforestation Offsets          88                    50%
        Sequestering by Algae or      
            Halophyte plants        100 to 200
     
        Flue gas scrubbing            230
        (coal power plant)
        Carbon Tax    $100 /ton    565                    31%
                            $250 /ton       710                    51%
     
    How Emission Prices and Emission Caps Would Work
    Putting a price on carbon dioxide emissions--essentially taxing those emissions--would boost their cost, thereby encouraging firms as well as households to limit emissions (by using smaller amounts of fossil fuels or by relying on fossil fuels with relatively low carbon content) as long as the cost of doing so was below the tax or price. That price-based approach would establish an upper limit on the cost of individual emission reductions--the level of the price--but would not ensure that any particular emission target was met. That approach would balance expected benefits and actual costs provided that the price per ton was set equal to the expected benefits resulting from eliminating a ton of carbon emissions
    Cap-and-trade programs, in contrast, offer a way to set an overall limit on the level of carbon dioxide emissions while relying on economic incentives to determine where and how emission controls take place. Under such a program, policymakers would establish an overall cap on emissions but allow firms to trade rights to those emissions, called allowances. Trading would allow firms that could control their emissions most cheaply to do so in order to sell some of their allowances at a profit to firms that face higher costs to limit their emissions. Furthermore, the price increases that would result from the cap would encourage households to consume smaller amounts of fossil fuels, thus leading to lower carbon emissions. A cap-and-trade program would achieve the emission target at the lowest possible cost, but (as described below) it would not necessarily balance actual costs with the expected benefits achieved by the target.
    A cap-and-trade program with a "safety valve" combines an overall cap on total emissions with a ceiling on the allowance price(24). Under that hybrid approach, policymakers would establish an overall cap and allow firms to trade allowances, but they would also set an upper limit on the price for allowances, referred to as the safety-valve price. If the price of allowances rose to the safety-valve price, the government would sell as many allowances as was necessary to maintain that price. Thus, if the safety valve was triggered, the actual level of emissions would exceed the cap. The cap would be met only if the price of allowances never rose above the safety-valve price.
     

    Emission Prices Are More Efficient than Emission Caps

    If policymakers had complete and accurate information on both the costs and benefits of achieving various limits on emissions, they could achieve the limit that best balanced costs and benefits using either an emission price or an emission cap. With full information, policymakers could set the price or cap to the level at which the cost of the last reduction was equal to the benefit from that reduction. However, neither the costs nor the benefits are known with certainty. For that reason, the best policymakers can do is to choose the policy instrument that is most likely to minimize the cost of making a "wrong" choice. Choosing policies that are too stringent (by setting too high a price or too tight a cap) would result in excess costs that are not justified by their benefits. Alternatively, choosing policies that are too lenient (by setting too low a price or too loose a cap) would result in forgone benefits that would have outweighed the cost of obtaining them.
    Analysts generally conclude that uncertainty about the cost of controlling carbon dioxide emissions makes price instruments preferable to quantity instruments because they are much more likely to minimize the adverse consequences (excess costs or forgone benefits) of choosing the wrong level of control.(1) The price approach would motivate people to control emissions up to the point where the cost of doing so was equal to the emission price. If actual costs were less than, or greater than, anticipated, people would limit emissions more than, or less than, policymakers projected. However, emissions would be reduced up to the point at which the cost of doing so was equal to the expected benefits, provided that the emission price was set equal to the expected benefits of reducing a ton of carbon dioxide emissions. In contrast, a strict cap on emissions could result in actual costs that were far greater (or less) than expected and that therefore exceeded, or fell below, the expected benefits.
    The advantages of a price-based approach stem mainly from the fact that the cost of limiting a ton of emissions is expected to rise as the limit becomes more stringent, while the expected benefit of each ton of carbon reduced is roughly constant across the range of potential emission limitations in a given year. That constancy occurs because climate effects are driven by the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and emissions in any given year are a small portion of that total. Further, reductions in any given year probably would fall considerably short of total baseline emissions for that year.
      Northeastern U.S. States Regional Greenhouse Gas Plan
    Seven states signed the plan in December 2005 to create a cap and trade CO2 emissions market called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. The states -- New York, New Jersey, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut and Delaware -- hope to cap emissions from power plants at 1990 levels of about 121 million tons of CO2 through 2014 and then reduce it 10 percent below that level in 2018.  Maryland has since also voted to join the group.   
    Power plants in the U.S. Northeast that face rules to cut carbon dioxide emissions would be allowed to save costs by methods such as planting trees and tapping landfills for methane, according to a draft plan by Northeastern states who have signed the country's first regional greenhouse gas plan.

     
    In the cap and trade market the RGGI has developed, the states would hand power plants CO2 emissions targets. If the plants cut emissions under those limits -- by switching from coal to cleaner-burning natural gas for example -- they would earn credits.  The RGGI draft model on Thursday said the plan would cost homeowners about $3 to $16 more per average home in 2015, a reduction from the group's earlier predictions.
    The RGGI estimates its CO2 allowances would cost far less, and it has set up "safety valves" if prices get too high. If the price of the emissions allowances rose above set limits, power plants could get credit for reducing emissions by other methods outside the RGGI region. Methods include planting trees or capturing and burning methane gas at landfills. Methane is about 20 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

    Toxic Metals
    High levels of mercury have been found in the rain throughout Florida and the  U.S.(142,111), resulting in accumulation of mercury in the environment, water bodies, fish, wildlife, and people of Florida. Approximately 30 % of Floridians tested for mercury in 2 studies had dangerous levels of mercury body burden(132).
    The largest sources of emissions have been found to be coal power plants and incinerators(111).  The level of mercury in rain ranged from 1.3 to 81.2 nanograms per liter depending on location and weather conditions, with an average of 12.6.  This resulted in average annual depostion of about 17.6 micrograms of mercury per square meter, much higher than the U.S. EPA health criteria to prevent harm to wildlife and humans (142,143).  The Electric Power Research Institute(138) and other studies have found that only ½ gram of mercury is required to contaminate all predator fish in a 10 acre lake to the extent that fish consumption warnings are required, and enough mercury is being released into the environment of Florida to raise levels in all predator fish to such a level.
        The majority of lakes and rivers in Florida tested and thousands in other states have been documented to have dangerous levels of mercury and other toxic metals accumulating in sediments and in the fish and food chain (103,106,109,110,111,128,136).     Health warnings have been issued against eating fish in the hundreds of lakes  or rivers affected(109,136,106), as well as against eating sharkmeat caught  throughout Florida or several types of saltwater fish from areas of the Florida East Coast or Panhandle Gulf Coast due to dangerous levels of mercury in the fish (128,129,133,136).    Florida commercial fishermen sold 6.8 million pounds of sharkmeat in 1989, 36% of the U.S. total.  Over 1/3 of the shark meat tested in Florida has been found to have dangerous levels of mercury(133). Twenty seven other commercially important coastal fish or seafoods  have dangerous levels of mercury according to experts and tests(128,136).  High levels of toxic metals have been found in shellfish in many areas of the state (136,128).  This represents a major economic cost to both Florida and the U.S.     
           The level of mercury emissions of Florida coal plants and incinerators prior to the addition of improved emission controls (over 4 tons per year (120)), as well as the current levels of emissions appear to be far above the level required for depositions over large areas of Florida to be above the level previously documented to be sufficient to bioaccumulate to dangerous levels in fish (120,138,111,142,143).  There is consensus among researchers that the main source of the mercury in lakes is from air emissions, with the largest sources being municipal incinerators, medical waste incinerators, and coal plants in most areas (16,19,111,129,131,134-139,120).    Emission levels had been found to be increasing since the 1900s with the largest increases in since the 1940s(130,135,139).   Toxic levels of aluminum and other toxic metals also appear to be the main factor adversely affecting fish and other organisms in lakes or streams that are becoming acidic throughout the U.S.  Florida has the most acidic lakes in the U.S.     Commercial fishermen and the sportsfishing sector have already been seriously adversely affected.   There is also consensus that acidity and acid pollutants are major factors in the level of toxic metals getting into fish and the food chain (106,111,135,146).  Mercury emissions from incinerators have been significantly reduced in recent years due to a requirement to improve emission controls. However mercury and other toxic levels in ash have likely thus increased, making the ash more toxic than before.

     
       According to the Fla. Fish & Wildlife Commission(140,141), the freshwater(bass) fishery in Fla. is responsible for over $1 billion in direct sales per year to the Florida economy in 1990 .  According to  a 1980 survey of sports fishermen by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(140), there were over 23 million freshwater fishing trips by sports fishermen with the average trip spending $26.79 on bait, tackle, gas for boats, and lodging alone. This $615 million would have been only a portion of the total value of the fishery, which would be at least double that amount now for all freshwater fishing expenses affected.  Over half of the fishery has been affected by health warnings and studies have indicated a decline of approx. 20 % in fishing in areas studied that have well publicized advisories.  The adverse publicity has affected the entire state.  This means a loss of approx. $400 million in reduced expenditures on freshwater fishing trips and equipment each year alone.  If 50% of the estimated 40 million pounds of bass caught and eaten in Florida each year during the early 1980s are now not eaten and had their economic  value subtracted at $1 per pound due to the hazardous levels of mercury, this would  be $20 million in reduced value of bass meat.  This would not include the other types of freshwater fish affected which would add at least $10 million more.  Over 1 million acres of streams and lakes are affected by health advisories in Fla., with the affected areas producing approx. 20 harvestable bass(> 10 inches) per acre per year.  This alternative calculation of the value of the bass gives 20 million bass affected in affected areas and at  an average of 1.5 pounds per bass(140) gives 35 million pounds of bass affected.  At $1per pound this would give $35 million.  Thus the direct impact on the Fla. freshwater and saltwater fisheries appears to be over $445 million,not counting any indirect economic effects or adverse health effects on people eating such fish. 
      
         A study by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission found that direct sales and taxes  related to saltwater fishing were over $4.4 billion per year(141), representing over 3 million anglers(145,142). If a 20% reduction in economic value similar to the one found for fresh water fish warnings were assumed, this would amount to $880 million in losses per year.  Counting shark meat alone, over 2 million pounds of salt water fish per year are estimated to be contaminated with dangerous levels of mercury alone, and at $1.50 per pound would give at least $3 million, not counting adverse health effects. Since it has been found that most Florida saltwater commercial species have dangerous levels of mercury, the total losses are likely many times this amount.  There have likely been at least this much in additional losses in  lower amounts of saltwater fish and shellfish being eaten due to the adverse publicity. 
     
    The U.S. Center for Disease Control(CDC) and other federal agencies rank toxic metals as the number one environmental health threat to children, adversely affecting millions of children in the, U.S. each year(101-104,107-111,118).   According to an EPA assessment, the toxic metals mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel are all ranked in the top 12 toxics having the most adverse health effects on the U.S. public based on toxicity and current exposure levels(102).        EPA and CDC indicate that over 3 million children have their health significantly adversely affected or learning ability significantly adversely affected by lead in drinking water, mercury in fish, or other toxic metals from emissions(101-104,107,108,118).   Evidence indicates that over 60,000 children are born each year with neurodevelopmental impairment due to methylmercury(104,118).  As noted, emissions are the main source of mercury in lakes and streams and acid pollutants are a major factor in the level of mercury or other toxic metals in fish and of lead or cadmium in drinking water(111,120,109).

     
           Some persons have  been diagnosed with mercury poisoning from saltwater fish, as well as from freshwater fish. Studies (136,132) have also found that the level in most large predator species on the Gulf Coast is higher than levels found to adversely affect health(125) with mercury contamination being pervasive along the whole coastal area, and that people who eat Gulf Coast fish at least once per week usually have dangerous levels of mercury(136,132). 29% of a coastal sample from Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi ate fish at least once per week(136,132). Thus would indicate that over 1 million Floridians likely have dangerous levels of mercury exposure.  A U.S. CDC study found that it is likely that well over 1000 Florida babies per year have received exposures sufficient to cause developmental disabilities(104,118,136).
        Based on large numbers of medical studies and government assessments of these studies, it appears that over 1 million Floridians likely have significant developmental or adverse health effects related to mercury(or other toxic metals)(118,132,136,101-104,107,125).         If a very conservative estimate  of the average annual cost per person having a significant adverse learning disability or health effect  were estimated at $3,000,  the annual health cost due to mercury or toxic metals would be over  $3 billion per year.         Florida appears to be one of the states most adversely affected(109-111,128,136) and health authorities believe mercury exposure from fish is the most significant source. 
         Mercury, lead, aluminum, and other toxic metals have been found to be accumulating in forest floors at levels high enough to cause forest declines and diebacks in some areas of Europe and the Eastern U.S(105).      Both inorganic and methyl mercury are toxic to spruce seedlings at levels of 0.4 to 0.5 ppm.   Many areas of Europe have passed this point in cumulative mercury buildup and some areas of the Eastern U.S. are approaching this level(105).   Toxic metals have also reached levels in food crops in Europe   documented to be causing health problems, and vegetables cannot be grown in  some regions or eaten safely in grown in other regions.  Levels are building up in the food chain in the U.S.-especially in urban/industrial areas(139,136) and including areas in south Florida with documented high deposition levels(129,136). Gov’t studies have found that mercury deposited on soil has mercury methylated to methylmercury by soil bacteria of which some is transferred to crops and some is outgased when the sun shines to later come down in rain(150).  This represents another large potential economic loss, as well as from health effects.
     
        High levels of mercury have been found to evaporate from fly ash piles at temperatures higher than 70 degrees F.   Temperatures above 86 degrees would likely produce levels of mercury in the vicinity violating EPA ambient air guidelines(111,112).   This could cause health effects on site, as well as being a regional mercury source.   Florida ash piles can reach 140 degrees in the summer(111), and ash piles of plants using lime to control sulfur often get much hotter than this due to hydration.  Additionally, mercury from ash piles that is land spread or landfilled has been found by government studies to be methylated to highly toxic methyl and di-methyl mercury and be outgassed, being a factor in the high levels found in rain througout Florida(136,111).
     

     
         The coal and ash piles from coal plants or incinerators contain large amounts of toxic metals(as well as dioxins, furans,etc.) which can affect both ground and surface water, as well as considerable particulate and toxic air emissions.  Widespread serious health effects have been documented for plant   workers working with ash at the facility or ash piles(111).  This has been confirmed both in Florida and other states with ash piles.   A coal plant with scrubbers per megawatt of power generated produces about 308 tons of fly ash, 77 tons of bottom ash, and 364 tons of flue gas desulfurization waste for landfilling- all containing toxic metals and other toxic constituents(113).  Many coal ash laboratory tests have found cadmium and arsenic at levels considered hazardous per EPA RCRA standards(113). Many toxic constituents from coal combustion waste disposal sites have been detected in both on-site and off-site ground water and surface water. Where the depth to groundwater is less than 30 feet, "there is a reasonably high potential that leachate will reach groundwater" unless extensive precautions are taken(113).   The high PH that often characterizes Western coal tends to cause the release of harmful toxic metals such as arsenic, selenium, and manganese.  In Florida,  radionuclides, mercury, and other toxic metals have been found in sediments and the food chain in rivers and bays near coal and ash piles.
         The average cost of disposing of hazardous waste in the Midwest is $210 per ton(126).  The Dept. of Environmental Regulation reports that the cost of recent contracts in Florida has ranged between $250 and $360 per ton, including transportation and taxes.  Assuming that a conservative $250 per ton is the public cost of disposing of fly ash(or of related health effects), that $100 per ton is the cost of disposing of bottom ash, and $50 per ton is the cost of disposing of desulfurization waste  gives a total cost of ash disposal per MW of coal plant power of (308 x $250 + 77 x $100 + 364 x $50) = $102,900 per year.     Assuming a 70 % capacity factor gives 6132 megawatt-hours per MW of power.  Thus the ash disposal cost would be 1.7 cents per kwh.
        The ash from incinerators contains more toxic metals, and other toxics such as dioxins or furans, than coal ash;  most incinerator fly ash tested has been shown to be toxic under EPA toxicity standards and much is in a soluble form(114,115, 121-124).  The metals most commonly failing the toxicity test are cadmium and lead, but high levels of mercury, arsenic, and chromium have also been found(124).  Some states already require ash to be tested and disposed of as toxic waste. Tests by the State of New York showed more than half of its incinerator waste tested was "hazardous" and all waste in New York will be disposed of in hazardous waste sites or special sites with additional precautions(119a).   Bottom ash has also been found to have relatively high levels of toxics(124).  The toxics in ash has been documented to have widespread and serious health effects on those working with the ash at facilities, and the health effects on the public from trace metals and dioxins have been shown to be higher than for the traditional pollution emissions normally considered(116).  Ash disposal has also been found to face much higher cost than normal landfilling due to: abrasive impact on equipment & tires, corrosive effect on equipment, unworkability when wet, and health effects on workers(119b).  Many researchers think ash disposal and pollution cleanup from ash pile toxics will become increasingly expensive.
            The 160 MSW incinerators operating in the U.S. produce about 8 million tons of ash each year containing, by rough estimate, some 18,000 tons of lead,  over 50 tons of mercury, plus lesser quantities of other potent toxins such as cadmium, arsenic and dioxin.[ Assuming the 8 million tons are 90% bottom ash containing 2000 ppm lead and 10% fly ash containing 4000 ppm lead](123).  Ash containing 2000 ppm lead is contaminated at a level more than 5 times as high as the "level of concern" EPA recently set for lead in soil.
    Hazardous waste can cost up to $300 per ton for burial at a legally-designated hazardous waste dump. Judi Enck of the New York Public Interest Research Group estimates that ash can be placed in an "ash monofill" for only $70 or $80 per ton(123).
     
       A 1000 ton per day mass burn incinerator at 76% capacity produces 25 megawatts of power and 138 million kwh per year, along with 100 tons of fly ash and 200 tons of bottom ash per day.  At $100 per ton for fly ash disposal(126,123) and $50 per ton for bottom ash disposal, the total disposal cost would be $7,300,000 per year.  This gives a cost of 5.3 cents per kwh.
     
         Florida utilities burned 33,654,000 tons of coal in 1999(127).  Based on the EPA estimate of .21 ppm mercury in Eastern coal, this would give approx. 7  tons of mercury in the coal burned in Florida per year.  The mercury not emitted in the flue or from the ash piles would end up in the ash pile, which would be highly toxic.  Fla. utilities burned 56.3 million barrels of oil in 1999, and using EPA estimates for .06 ppm mercury in residual oil and .4 ppm in distillate oil, would give approx. 0.62 tons of mercury in oil burned by Fla. utilities.   Based on current technology it appears likely that the majority of such mercury was emitted directly or indirectly.

     
    Similarly municipal solid waste incinerators were projected to burn approx. 5.8 million tons of garbage in 1991, with an average mercury content of 2  ppm according to EPA data.  This would give a content of approx. 10 tons of mercury, much of which would be emitted. Currently more tons are burned with a lower mercury level but the total amount may be similar.  FDEP estimates of MSW incinerator mercury emissions are lower due to additional emission controls added a few years ago .  But high levels of mercury and toxic metals would be in the ash.  Based on this and previous studies by the Dept. of Environmental Regulation, it is assumed that coal power plants are responsible for approx. 25 % of Florida mercury emissions and MSW incinerators for 10% of mercury emissions.  Fla. coal plants generated 78,413,000,000 kilowatt hours of electricity in 1999 and MSW incinerators generated 2,684,000,000 kwh of electricity.  If economic cost due to mercury(and other toxic metals) emissions is assumed to be $1251 million per year, with coal plants responsible for 25% of emissions and MSW incinerators for 10% of emissions, then the economic cost related to coal plant emissions would be 0.4 cents per kwh of electricity generated.  Likewise for MSW incinerators, the economic cost would be 4.7 cents per kwh generated.   So the total metals related environmental cost for coal plants would be approx. 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour, while the corresponding cost for municipal incinerators would be 12.9 cents per kilowatt-hour.
     
      
    Health Effects of Dioxin
     
    2.5. Dioxin and related compounds have been found in significant levels in the food chain and people in the U.S. and other industrialized countries.  The main source of such dioxin is emissions from incinerators(43).  Dioxin has been found to be one of the most toxic and carcinogenic chemicals ever tested, and has been found to cause cancer, endocrine system and immune system damage, birth defects, learning disabilities, etc.  Dioxin is being found at dangerous levels in cows milk, mother's milk, sperm cells, etc.- especially near incinerators.  No studies were found that attempted to quantify the total cost of health effects due to dioxin, but studies indicate that impacts appear to be large and in the billions of dollars(43).
     
    Land Impacts of Coal and Ash Piles
     
    3. Coal plants require considerable extra land and facilities for handling coal brought in by barge or trains.     There are also considerable impacts from coal mining and transportation. The coal and ash piles from coal plants or incinerators contain large amounts of toxics which can affect both ground and surface water, as well as considerable particulate and toxic air emissions.     U.S. coal plants annually release over 900 tons of radioactive uranium and 2000 tons of thorium into the environment, most into coal ash which is usually radioactive(58).  More radioactivity was released by burning coal than is contained in the fuel of all nuclear power plants in the U.S., but without the regulatory oversite faced by nuclear facilities. Coal ash in Florida has been found to be releasing toxic metals and radionuclides into water bodies and the food chain.

     
        The ash from incinerators contains more toxic metals and other toxics such as dioxins or furans than coal  ash;  most incinerator ash tested has been shown to be toxic under EPA toxicity standards, and a new Federal court ruling has required that such waste that tests to be toxic be treated as toxic waste.  Some states had already required ash to be tested and disposed of as toxic waste.  Many researchers think ash disposal and pollution cleanup from ash pile toxics will become increasing expensive.  Based on an assumption of $200 per ton for fly ash disposal and $50 per ton for bottom ash disposal, the total disposal cost of incinerator ash would be $10,950,000 per year for a 1000 ton per day MSW facility, or a total of 7.9 cents per kilowatt-hour of energy generated(43.5). 
        The ash from incinerators contains more toxic metals and other toxics such as dioxins or furans than coal  ash;  most incinerator ash tested has been shown to be toxic under EPA toxicity standards. Some states already require ash to be tested and disposed of as toxic waste.  Many researchers think ash disposal and pollution cleanup from ash pile toxics will become increasing expensive.
        High levels of mercury have been found to evaporate from fly ash piles at temperatures higher than 70 degrees F. Temperatures above 86 degrees would likely produce levels of mercury in the vicinity violating EPA ambient air guidelines(14.5,42).  Florida ash piles can reach 140 degrees in the summer(42), and ash piles of plants using lime to control sulfur often get much hotter than this due to hydration.
     
    Radioactive Coal Ash and Emissions
     
    3.5. Emissions and ash from burning coal contain large amounts of radioactivity. Waste ash at some sites in Florida have caused serious radioactive contamination of groundwater, surface waters, and bays.  Coal burning power plants in the U.S. release over 1000 tons of uranium and over 2000 tons of thorium into the environment(33).  People are being exposed to increasing amounts of radioactive isotopes from coal through air emissions, water runoff impacts, and the food chain.   Recent studies have shown that over 20% of cancers to people less than 20 years old are due to low level radiation in drinking water that meets Federal regulations. Thus radioactive emissions into water reservoirs such as Deerpoint Lake, Hillsboro River, Lake Okeechobee, etc. may be increasing cancer rates beyond that of the impact of breathing radioactive emissions.   No studies including estimates of these cost for the U.S. or Florida were found, but radioactivity is a major cause of cancer and birth defects.
     
    Acid Pollutants: Damage to Lakes and Bays
     
    4.  In addition to documented damage to fish populations of rivers and lakes which results in reduced recreational opportunities, acid pollution also causes other damage to lakes and bays. Acid rain, mainly in the form of nitrogen oxides, is causing serious damage and mass killings of aquatic life in Atlantic coastal waters and bays, as well as in large lakes.   Reversal of the rapid decline in Atlantic coastal waters and fisheries will require measures to control air pollution as well as sewage and dumping of waste(25,9).    Nitrogen oxides, produced mainly by vehicles and power plants, are producing damage to aquatic life not by acidification but through eutrophication.    The  excess nitrogen along with other nutrients creates excessive growth of algae, which chokes off the oxygen supply and blocks sunlight needed by other aquatic life.  In recent summers thousands of lobsters, crabs, etc. were killed by this mechanism in Long Island Sound. Other serious recent occurrences took place in Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, the New York Bight, Long Island's Narragansett Bay, North Carolina's Albemarie‑ Pamlico Sound, Lake Okeechobee, Tampa Bay,etc.     Air emissions were estimated to be responsible for approx. 75% of the nitrates entering the Chesapeake Bay(25). Likewise, South Florida regional water management officials have estimated that pollutants in rainfall are responsible for at least 25% of the nitrogen entering Lake Okeechobee which is in serious decline and the source of much of south Florida's drinking water(25); and a recent DEP funded study of the Apalachicola River and Bay by FSU researchers found atmospheric emissions to be the major contributor to the nitrogen load of that system(39).      Environmental Defense Fund researchers indicate that the economic damage to rivers, lakes, and bays  along with lost recreational assets and lost food supply is several billion dollars(41).  Point sources were responsible for over 50% of Chesapeake Bay deposition, with the majority being from long range transport from utility plants(25).  
     
    Crop Losses from Acid Pollutants
     
    5.  A Congressionally funded 1985 study on air pollution effects on 4 major crops(soybeans, peanuts, wheat, corn) estimated that air pollution is costing farmers between 2 and 3 billion dollars per year(35).      For example average peanut yields were found to have been reduced by 24% due to air pollution. Similar levels of reduced yields have been found for tomatoes in some areas.         According to Walter Heck, Chairman of the National Crop Loss Assessment Committee (EPA), total crop losses in the U.S. due to ozone are over $5 billion per year(15).
      A study by Cornell University researchers estimated total U.S. crop losses due to  air pollution at over 12% per year and over $6.5 billion(6).     There is a strong influence by relative humidity level on internal pollutant uptake of sulfur dioxide and ozone by plants or crops such as soybeans. For the same exposure level, vegetation growing in humid areas experience a significantly greater internal flux of pollutants than that in more arid regions(19).    Florida is especially susceptible to plant damage by air pollutants because of its humid climate(41,9).
     
    Materials Damage from Acid Pollutants
     
    6. Acid fog(or humid acid air) in urban areas is becoming a serious problem.  The PH of urban fog is often much lower than that of acid rain and has been measured as low as 1.7 in some urban areas. Acid fog or acid air in humid areas has been found to often be between 10 to 100 times more acidic than acid rain in the same area.        Acid fog has significant adverse effects on materials, health, and plants(18,41).
     
    7. Four major car importers have moved their import operations from Jacksonville due to acid rain damage to paint finish of cars(World Cars/BMW, Hyundai, Saab, and Peugeot).  Jacksonville Electric Authority and the Port Authority are being sued for millions of dollars by the importers for damage to car finishes (2).
     
    8. A joint study by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and EPA estimated the damage to buildings alone done by acid rain in 17 northeastern and Midwestern states as over $6 billion per year.  The study concluded an acid rain control program would probably pay for itself just in reduced damage to building materials and paint finishes alone(17).     H.L. Magaziner testifying before Congress for the American Institute of Architects indicated that corrosion costs are high and are several billion dollars per year(16).

     
         A Midwest Research Institute study estimated acid deposition damage to paint surfaces as over $35 billion per year(29). Scholle (31) summarizes a study by F.H. Haynie in which Haynie estimates the damage to zinc coated transmission lines as between .0028 mills and .0132 mills per kwh transmitted. A study published in the journal: Material Performance, estimated damage to metal buildings and structures at over $2 billion per year(32).
     
    Health Effects of Air Pollution
     
    9. New medical studies have found the health damage from small particulates, including soot and sulfates, to be much more serious than previously thought- affecting the health of large number of people throughout the U.S.(49-49.6,70)    Persons living in areas that exceed Federal Standards for particulates on 42 or more days per year had a much higher risk of respiratory disease, with a 33% chance of bronchitis and a 74% greater risk of asthma(49.6).  The cost of the air pollution related health damage due to air pollution beyond the Federal standards in a 4 county area including Los Angeles was estimated to be over $9.4 billion per year(9.8).  Adverse effects were also significant in areas not exceeding Federal standards.   An EPA study estimates that approx. 60,000 people per year die in the U.S. from lung damage caused by breathing particulates(31.2).    The study found a roughly 6% increase in deaths for every 50 gram increase in small particulates per cubic meter of air. Air pollution is a serious problem worldwide affecting children the most.  Respiratory problems is now the number one cause of death among children(68).  Particulate pollution from cars, power plants and factories leads to development of heart disease, with heart effects being even more significant than respiratory effects(70). Exposure to tiny-particle pollution can actually lead to ischemic heart disease, which causes heart attacks, as well as irregular heart rhythms, heart failure and cardiac arrest. Such PM2.5 pollution provoke low-grade pulmonary inflammation, accelerating development of atherosclerosis — a leading cause of heart disease — and altering heart function.
     
    10. Studies have found that acid pollutants, especially nitrogen oxides combine with volatile organic compounds to form smog which affects most urban areas and has been found to have serious health effects.  In addition to direct health effects, such ozone has been found to infiltrate buildings and homes and to promote greatly increased volatile organic compound emissions from carpets and carpet backings.  Among the VOC emissions found at commonly found ozone levels  (at 28 to 44 parts per billion) were increased levels of suspected carcinogens such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which increased by factors of 3 and 20 respectively(31.5).
     
    11. There has been a dramatic increase in lung related illnesses and children’s asthma(31.2,41,49).   Annual asthma deaths have increased 77% in the last 10 years.  The percent of Americans with Asthma increased 33% during this period, and hospitalization for children under 15 doubled.   A recent Univ. of Southern California study found children in the heavy smog/ozone area of Los Angeles had 6 to 17 percent less lung capacity than those in less polluted areas.  Autopsies of adolescent victims of motor vehicle accidents in Los "Angeles found 80% had "notable lung abnormalities" and 27 % had severe lesions in lung areas known to be affected by noxious substances(23.5,67,68).  Asthma was much more prevalent and more serious is such areas of higher air pollution(68).
     
    12. Nitrates in drinking water have been found to cause learning disabilities, birth defects, brain cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, etc.(21.5).      As previously noted atmospheric deposition is a major source of nitrates in reservoirs and water bodies.  Both sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been found to cause lung disease, as well as being precursors of ozone/smog(41).
     
    13. Both sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been found to cause lung disease, as well as being precursors of ozone/smog(41,49.2).   An American Lung Association Study in 1988 estimated health costs and lost work productivity due to acid rain pollutants at over $40 billion per year(22).   The study was updated in 2005.  A study commissioned by Los Angeles officials found that air pollution related health costs and lost work productivity in the Los Angeles area are over $10 billion per year(18). A study of fetal deaths in urban areas found that air pollution, especially nitrogen oxide(NO2) is a major factor in spontaneous abortions/fetal deaths due to hypoxia(insufficient oxygen).  In the study NO2 pollution appeared to be responsible for about 20% of fetal deaths(67).
     
    13.5. Numerous studies have found that municipal and medical waste incinerators emit large amounts of pollutants including toxic metals, dioxins and furans, acid pollutants, and pollutants that adversely affect the ozone layer(43.5).    A major study of the health related cost of MSW incinerator emissions for the U.S. Dept. of Energy estimated the cost to be approx. 5.2 cents per kwh of energy generated(26).  A major study by the Bonneville Power Administration estimated an average cost for toxic emissions and ash from municipal incinerators as 11.1 cents per kwh of energy generated(46.5). These are comparable to costs developed and reviewed in (43.5).
     
    Other Damage Cost Estimates
     
    14. Visibility impairment due to sulfate haze impairs civilian and military air traffic, as well as the scenic view in National Parks and recreational areas.   Smog/haze curtails or slows commercial, military, or private air traffic from 2% to 12 % of the time in summer(35).  The National Park Service estimates tourist related losses due to visibility impairment at over $6 billion per year.
     
    15. A recent EPA report estimated that the economic damage from sulfur dioxide emissions was between $490 to $728 per ton of emissions(36).   Another EPA report estimated the cost of small particulate matter(under 10 microns) at $2400 to $9000 per ton of particulate emissions.    This would yield a cost in Florida based on Florida emissions  and the most conservative EPA estimate of approximately $500 million per year for sulfur dioxide emissions alone.     The EPA studies and a study by Olav Holmeyer(12) for the Commission of European Communities found that the uncounted "societal cost" of unscrubbed coal power production are almost as much as the direct cost that is typically considered in
    energy policy decisions.   Holmeyer's estimates for the range of damage from sulfur dioxide was between .3 to 1.6 cents per kwh and for nitrogen oxides was between .35 to 1.8 cents per kwh.     An assessment by the New York Public Service Commission put the societal economic cost of coal power at 1.4 cents per kwh (28).
     
    16. "OTA's analysis of acid deposition and other transported air pollutants concludes that these substances pose substantial risks and costs to American resources."  "Any program to reduce emissions significantly would require 7 to 10 years to implement, and perhaps longer for major impacts on the problem"(35).
     
     
     

     
    Studies of the Economic Cost of Health and Environmental Impacts
     
    17. Based on studies and evaluations performed by Staff of the New York Public Service Commission, the New York PSC uses a cost of 1.405 cents per kwh in policy and bidding procedures as the environmental cost of standard coal plants with a defined set of emission rates and other impacts(28).     Technologies with lower emission rates or impacts get assigned proportionately lower environmental costs. Of the above total .905 cents is related to air emissions  with .25 cents for sulfur dioxide, .55 cents for nitrogen oxides, .005 cents for suspended
    particulates, and .1 cents for carbon dioxide.   Only 20 % of the full carbon dioxide estimate of .5 cents per kwh was included for official purposes due to controversy over the impacts of global warming.   The other .5 cents per kwh recognized the higher land and water impacts of coal plants due to coal piles, coal handling facilities, and ash disposal.
     
    18. The California Energy Commission staff performed a study of atmospheric pollution and abatement cost for the South Coast Air Basin in Los Angeles. Out of an estimated total external cost for coal plants of 7.85 cents per kwh,  3.53 cent was for sulfur dioxide, 3.56 cents was for nitrogen oxides, and .76 cents was for carbon dioxide(1 & 14).
     
    19. The Wisconsin Public Service Commission and Northwest Power Planning Councils use adders of 15% and 10% respectively for environmental and health costs when comparing coal plants to conservation or alternative energy options(14).
     
    20. A 1989 study of Schillberg for the State of California estimated a total external environmental/health cost of 2.71 cents per kwh‑‑ of which 0.31 cents was for sulfur dioxide,  0.83 cents was for nitrogen oxides, and 1.58 cents was for carbon dioxide(14).
     
    21. Estimates of the societal cost of increased health care expenditures, environmental degradation, and lost employment due to atmospheric emissions range from $100 billion to $300 billion per year(13).
     
    22. Even before the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense was spending at least $20 billion per year to safeguard oil supplies in the Persian Gulf area.     This amounts to a cost of at least $20 per barrel of oil imported to the U.S. from the Middle East, and is a subsidy of a lower price of oil both in the U.S. and abroad(13).   Other hidden tax credits and subsidies keep oil and gas prices low in the U.S. and encourage overuse; energy imports are the major factor in
    the U.S.  balance of trade deficits which have made the U.S. the worlds' greatest debtor nation.    The U.S. has more tax credits and much lower taxes on fuel than our major foreign competitors.
     
    23. A recent Pace University study of the societal costs of generating electricity commissioned by the U.S. Dept. of Energy estimated the societal cost of sulfur dioxide emissions as over $4000 per ton(26).   Their estimate of the total societal cost of a wide variety of electric generating options is given in Table 1.  The study also points out that 20 states have required utilities to include environmental externality costs in some manner in planning, bidding, or other resource acquisition procedures, and at least 9 more state have current formal processes considering inclusion of such cost.  Table 2 combines the Pace Univ. study societal costs(4) with estimates of variable production costs  for the different plant options to give estimates of total societal operating costs.
     
    24. A study by D.L. Block of the Florida Solar Energy Center developed estimates of the direct environmental and health cost of emissions by utilities in Florida. The estimate of the composite cost of emissions was 2.0 cents per kwh(5).
     
    25. Some studies on methodology for calculating externality or societal costs are (76,78,79).  Some additional studies and case studies from various government or other sources include(72,75,82,83).  Some studies that assess the cost of health effects from air pollution include(80,81).  An EPA comparing
    emission levels of various pollutants by energy source is (84). Studies assessing the level of Government subsidies to energy sources include (74,77).  Studies assessing the benefits of renewable energy sources or energy efficiency include
    (73,85-87) 
     
    Ozone Layer Depletion
     
    25.  The ozone layer over the U.S. has been found to be thinning,  which is likely to have serious health and biological implications(1-3.5).  There has been a resulting increase of approx. 0.5% per year in ultraviolet radiation(UV) since the mid 1980s, with an even larger increase of approx. 2% in 1992 augmented by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption(7).  Biologists indicate that the increased ultraviolet light due to ozone declines is already having significant adverse impacts on ocean plankton, coral reefs, and ocean food chains.     A 1% increase in ozone in the atmosphere has been found to lead to an approx. 2% to 3% increase in skin cancer, as well as to damage of the immune system, crops, plants, and plankton.  According to the Skin Cancer Foundation of New York, the number of cases of the most serious type of skin cancer, melanoma, has risen by over 6% per year over the last decade, and other types of skin cancer are also increasing(19.5).  UV exposure also adversely affects the immune system, and has been documented to be related to immune system diseases and genetic or metabolic problems such as herpes simplex, tuberculosis, leprosy, lupus, etc.  Higher doses of UVB appear to have even more widespread adverse effects on plants, animal, and ecosystems.  Frogs and amphibians are disappearing all over the world and the increase in ultraviolet radiation(B) has been found to be a major factor by damaging frog eggs.  Forests have also been found to be adversely affected.  UVB also damages polymers used in building materials, paints, packaging, etc(8).
     
              The ozone layer  declined globally over 4 % between 1979 and 1993, and even more over northern U.S.  latitudes.  Satellite measurements by Nimbus-7 in 1992 and 1993 show levels  reached record lows over much of the earth and are declined much more rapidly in 1992 than ever before, perhaps aided by aerosols from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption(1).  The global decline in 1992 alone was over 2 %. The Antarctic ozone hole in 2003 was the second largest ever observed, say scientists from three U.S. federal agencies. Researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space administration (NASA), and the Naval Research Laboratory made the observations. The seasonal ozone hole over Antarctica widened sharply in 2005, making
    it the biggest hole since 2000 and the third largest on record, according to measurements reported here on Tuesday by the European Space Agency (ESA).
     
            An ozone hole has been found to be forming over the Artic area similar to the one previously documented over Antarctica.   Scientists have found concentrations of ozone destroying chlorine monoxide over the U.S.  to be much higher than previously expected.  Chlorine compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) and other ozone layer destroyers such as nitrous oxide have been found to be rapidly increasing in the atmosphere in recent years.  NASA has found natural chlorine to account for only 20% of the chlorine effect on ozone in the stratosphere(1). 
         This decline could have large effects on Florida's sun based tourist businesses, as well as on increased health costs and crop losses(8).    Florida tourism is a multibillion dollar industry, and insurance cost of skin cancer treatment are already rapidly increasing.  A Florida Dept. of Commerce official indicated that there appears to have been a significant decline in beach tourism in the last 5 years due to ultraviolet skin damage concerns.  Tourist related sales in beach areas amount to over $10 billion per year, not counting large amounts of uncounted real estate business, so even a decline of 1% would result in reduced tourism spending in the hundreds of millions of dollars.
     
         Air conditioning systems are a major user of CFCs, and will be both less efficient and more expensive in the future due to limits or bans on the use of CFCs. New cooling technologies that do not use CFCs such as natural gas chillers, natural gas heat pumps, heat pipe cooling systems, and desiccant cooling systems appear to be cost effective for many applications and are likely to expand their share of the cooling market.
     
    Acid Pollutant Reduction Strategies
     
    26.  Florida manmade sources are estimated by the FCG(12) to account for 66% of sulfur dioxide deposition in Florida.  Electric power plants were estimated to be responsible for 68% of sulfur dioxide emissions.   Some of the reduction strategies for sulfur dioxide include conservation, energy efficiency improvements, coal plant limestone injection or wet scrubber systems, coal cleaning methodologies, coal gasification, and fuel switching from high sulfur coal to low sulfur coal.  Many studies indicate that the most cost effective of these are conservation or energy efficiency improvements.  Studies such as (14.5) indicate that 50% reductions in SO2 could be accomplished at no net cost through cost effective conservation or energy efficiency improvements while also similarly reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and toxic metals.   RMI(14.5) and other energy consulting firms have staff constantly updating lists of the latest cost effective energy efficiency improvement options for buildings and industrial processes.  The U.S. Dept. of Energy also has research programs and funds programs in most states to advise agencies and companies on energy efficiency improvement options.
         The options chosen by consumers to provide an energy service make a large difference in emissions that is not included in price of an appliance. For example, use of a natural gas water heater that was 90% efficient as opposed to using an electric water heater using electricity from a gas power plant, that had a net efficiency of 30% due to power plant and transmission losses, would result in 1/3 as much emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, etc.
    If the comparison was between a solar water heater and an electric water heater using electricity from a coal plant, the emissions difference and environmental cost difference would be even larger. Cost data such as that in Table 2 of the appendix can be used to assess the environmental cost difference of such options.
     
         Mechanical coal cleaning technologies can remove considerable amounts of sulfur from some types of coal for less than $100 per ton of SO2 removed.   More expensive chemical coal cleaning technologies for removing pollutants such as sulfur and toxic metals are also available.   Electric power plant fuel switching or scrubbers usually cost from $300 to $500 per ton of SO2 removed, but cost can vary widely depending on transportation distance and other factors.  Scrubber or limestone injection power plant  systems also generate large volumes of waste containing toxic metals and other toxics.
     
         Florida utilities are responsible for approx. 32% of Fla. nitrogen oxide emissions(12). The most effective NOx control for cyclone type coal boilers appears to be selective catalytic reduction(SCR), but the cost is high($3000 to $4000 per ton) and other operational and waste problems are created. For pulverized coal plants, low-NOx burners can be added, which reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by operating at lower temperatures.  The cost of low-NOx burners range between $5/KW to $15/KW, depending on several factors including whether an overfire air system is also installed.  Conventional low-NOx burners without OFA reduce NOx emissions 20 to 40%.  Nalco Fuel Tech's NOx OUT process costs approx. $15/KW installed and can remove 55 to 70% of NOx.  Babcock & Wilcox Low-NOx Cell plugs into existing standard cell burners and cost $8 to $12/KW installed, with reductions of NOx emissions of approx. 55%. Some plants, such as fluidized bed plants, when burning at lower temperatures have been found to produce much larger amounts of nitrous oxide however, which is both a greenhouse gas and ozone layer
    destroyer(27.3).
     
        The cost of installing a wet scrubber to remove SO2 at a recent existing coal plant site was approx. $300 per kilowatt(46). Scrubbers for new coal plant can run as low as $150 per KW, but can vary considerably depending on the site, technology chosen, and other parameters.  Energy Biosystems Corp. of Houston, Texas has a desulfurization process using microorganisms that appears to offer lower cost sulfur removal than current methods with little loss in fuel heat content(46).
         Natural gas cofiring technologies are available that reduce emissions considerably at existing coal plants or incinerators, while also improving efficiency in some applications(51). Gas cofiring (20% gas) at cyclone coal plants has been demonstrated to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions    50 to 60 percent. Gas cofiring (11%) at a tangentially fired coal plant reduced sulfur dioxide emissions 18.5%.  Gas cofiring at a mass burn incinerator at the 12 to 15 percent level reduced nitrogen oxide emissions by 60%, carbon monoxide emissions by 35%, and improved boiler efficiency by 2.5%(51).
        
         Combined cycle gas plants, which are the cleanest and most efficient fossil fuel power plants, also appear to be the cheapest to operate when total cost is taken into account (see Table 4). Coal gasification appears to be the coal burning technology that is currently the cleanest and cheapest for new facilities when total cost is considered, though coal cleaning technologies may be cost effective in some circumstances and technology is rapidly changing.   Wind and solar thermal power plants appear to be approaching the cost of coal plants for use in some areas when total cost is taken into account.
     
     
     
     
     
    Tables:
     
                              TABLE 1
        Summary of Range of Environmental and Health Damage Cost
              Estimates from Reviewed Studies(see text)‑
        and a proration of costs to Florida utilities
     
    Type Damage       United States    Florida        Cost for average
             Cost               Total           Total        Florida coal plant
                                  (billions)     (billions)       (cents/kwh)
    ___________       ____________    __________     __________________
     
    Greenhouse Effect $18 to $140   $0.9 to $7.2     0.3 to 2.4
     
    Toxic Metals **    10 to 60        0.5 to 3.0      0.15 to 0.80
     
    Materials Damage   10 to 35        0.5 to 1.7      0.25 to 0.8
     
    Crop Damage         5 to 6.5       0.25 to 0.3     0.12 to 0.14
     
    Sulfur Dioxide **  52 to 122       2.5 to 6.1       1.25 to 3.1
      visability/
       airline delays     12
      health/work
       productivity    30 to 100
      lakes/recreation    10
    Nitrogen Oxide **  25 to 55        1.25 to 3.3       0.6 to 1.6
      health/work loss 10 to 40
      lake/bay/
       eutrophication      5
      lakes/rivers/rec     5
      ozone layer damage/
       nitrous oxide(N2O)  5
     
    Particulates/Health 5.6 to 48       0.3 to 2.4        0.15 to 1.2
     
    Land/water impacts    14               0.7              0.37
     
    Health/Radioactive     5               0.25             0.12
     emissions/ash
     
    Volatile Organics   0 to 44           0 to 2.2          0 to 1.1
    ___________________________________________________________________
      Total           145 to 530         7 to 28         3.3 to 11.5
     
    * utilities are assumed to be responsible for 50% of the total
      state damage cost from acidic emissions, since utilties
      contribute approx. 50 % of combined sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
      oxide emissions.  utilities are assumed to be responsible for 30%
      of toxic metal emissions and 33% of greenhouse gas emissions.
          Cost were allocated to Fla. proportional to population and
      Fla. cost estimates were spread across the 97,654 giga watt hours
      of fossil fuel generation in Fla. in 1988(the inclusion of GWH
      from cleaner gas and oil plants in the denominator tends to make
      this a conservative estimate for coal plants; however the
      assumption of zero net interstate transport and other assumptions
      probably counterbalance this).
    ** Cost estimates for health effects cannot be accurately separated
      between toxic metals, acid pollutants, and particulates due to
      coexistance and synergistic interactions. Some of the effects
      some attribute to acid pollutants are due to interactive effects
      with ozone formed by chemical interactions with acid pollutants,
      along with toxic metals and particulates.
     
     
     
                                     TABLE 2
     
        Range of Estimated Environmental/Health Costs for a Coal Power Plant
             by Type of Pollutant in Recent Studies Reviewed in (14)*
     
              Carbon Dioxide  Sulfur Dioxide  Nitrogen Oxide  Particulates    VOCs        Lead
    ________________________________________________________________________________
     
    cents/kwh   .40 to 3.8    .27 to 1.6        .6 to 7.2     .14 to 3.7      1.0 to 4.9            1.7 to 3.7
     
    converted      $4 to          $300 to           $69 to      $167 to        $1180 to             $1873 to
    to $/ton**       $40            $1726            $7526        $4400           $5900                 $4394
     
    EPRI(1987)                     $420 to          $40 to
     rural Penn.                     $1700            $460
     in (14)
     
    EPRI(1987)                     $960 to           $40 to
    suburban N.Y.                  $4620           $460
     in (14)
     
    EPA(36)                        $490 to          $2400 to
                                         $728             $9900
     
    Holmeyer(12)                    $466 to          $584 to        $566 to
                                          $2488            $3120          $2488
    Chernick et al   $84            $1840              $3160         $5260
        in (14)
     
    New York P.S.C.   $4             $960              $1880         $2020
        in (28)
    California P        $1726              $7526         $1306         $1306
     $/ton, from(47)                                                 (PM10)
    Massachussetts DPU  $24       $1700              $7200         $4400          $5900
      (1992 $/ton)                                                                    (TSP)                           Lead
    Minnesota PUC 0.34      $69                 $159             $2253                            $1873                                                                     
        (2003)      to$3.52      to $1640        to $1109   to$7284 PM10               to $4394                                                                               
    Nevada PSC          $22         $1560              $6800         $4180     $1180
       (1990)                                                        (PM10)
    Oregon PUC       $10 to                         $2000 to       $2000 to   
      (1990)            $40                            $5000     (TSP)$4000
     
    Bonneville                      $1500             $69 to        $167 to          Power Admin.                                       $884    (TSP) $1540
     
    * summary of the most quoted recent studies estimating environmental/
      health costs of the major air pollutants, including those used
      officially by the states of New York, California, and Wisconsin
    ** assumes:  964 metric tons of CO2 emissions per GWH of electricity
                 8.40 tons of sulfur dioxide emissions per GWH
                 2.66 tons of nitrogen oxide emissions per GWH
     
     
                              Table 4
     
                 Variable Costs of Operating Fossil Fuel Plants
                                (cents per kwh)
                              Capital   Variable    Emissions  Full Societal
                              Expense  Production           Operating  Cost
                                 *      Costs       Value    Related   with
                                                              Cost   Capital
                              _____________________________________________
    Coal w/o scrubber,1% sulfur          2.3        5.1       7.4
    Coal with scrubber           3.9     2.7        4.4       7.1     11.0
    Fluidized Bed(AFBC) coal     4.6     2.7        3.4       6.1     10.7
    Coal Gasification(IGCC)      4.6     3.1        2.5       5.6     10.2
    #6 oil, 1% sulfur                    3.1        3.4       6.5
    #6 oil, 0.5% sulfur                  3.1        2.9       6.0
    Gas combustion turbine(CT)           4.9        3.4       8.3
    Gas combined cycle(CC)       3.3     2.5        1.6       4.1      7.4
    Solar Thermal **            13.0**   1.4        0.4       1.8     14.6
    Solar Photovoltaic          25.0     0.6        0.4       1.0     26.0
     
     
    * first year capital expense based on estimates and common assumptions
      used for Investor Owned Utilites including return on investment and
      depreciation expense with recently observed capital cost estimates.
      capital cost can vary considerably depending on local circumstances
      and choices.
     
    ** the capital cost of a combination solar thermal plant with natural
      gas backup might be reduced since it would be spread across
      more kwh.
     
     
     
     
     
     
                                              
                                                       TABLE 3
     
                  Societal Externality Cost for Electric Generation Alternatives
                                                   ($/MMBTU)
    Externality   Waste    Coal Plant   Coal Plant  AFBC    IGCC   #6 Oil   #6 Oil   C.T.  Gas   Solar
                  to           w/o         with     Coal    Coal     1%     0.5% s    #2    CC
                  Energy    Scrubber     Scrubber   Plant    to    sulfur             oil
                  Plant     1% sulfur                        Gas
    _________________________________________________________________________________________________
     
    Sulfur dioxide             1.80        1.10      0.55    0.48   1.08     0.54    0.16  0.01
       (1) (2)
     
    Nitrogen oxide             0.61        0.58      0.30    0.06   0.29     0.36    0.50  0.42
        (1) (2)
     
    Particulates               0.15        0.03      0.03    0.01   0.09     0.06    0.04  0.01
         (1)
     
    Carbon Dioxide             2.09        2.09      2.09    1.65   1.69     1.69    1.61  1.10
      (1)  (3)
     
    Land/Water                 0.37        0.37      0.37    0.27   0.27     0.27    0.17  0.24
       (4)
     
    Radioactive                0.10        0.10      0.10    0.05      0        0       0     0
    emissions/ash
     
    TOTAL                      5.12        4.27      3.44    2.52    3.42     2.92    2.48  1.78
    ($/ MMBTU)
     
    Heat Rate                10,000      10,000    10,000  10,000  10,400   10,400  13,600  9000
     (BTU/KWH)
     
    Total Cost      11.1       5.1          4.3       3.4     2.5     3.4      2.9     3.4   1.6   0.4

     
    (cents per       (1)                                                                           (1)
          kwh)
     
     
    (1) source is (26)‑Pace Univ. study
     
    (2) the cost estimates for sulfur and nitrogen oxides are assumed to include health/
        work productivity impacts, interactions with toxic metal emissions and ozone,
        crop and forest damage, materials damage, lake/fish/recreation impacts of acid
        pollutants and toxic metals, and eutrophication impacts of nitrogen oxide
     
    (3) the estimate of carbon dioxide impacts is assumed to include greenhouse effects
        and ozone layer damage from nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gas emissions
     
    (4) cost estimates used in policy decisions by New York Public Service Commission
     
     
     
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    (101) US. Dept. of Health, ATSDR, www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ;   &    U.S.  EPA, Lead in your drinking water, 1993, www.epa.gov/safewater/Pubs/lead1.html;    & U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Childhood lead poisoning in the U.S. 1997, www.cdc.gov/nceh/programs/lead/guide/1997/pdf/chapter1.pdf    &  Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning. Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997.  &   Neilke HW,    Reagan PL,   Soil is an         important pathway of human lead exposure.  Environ Health perspect 1998, 106:217-29.;
                &  www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/333/8895/339795.html
    (102) ATSDR/EPA Priority List for 2005: Top 20 Hazardous Substances, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,  www.atsdr.cdc.gov/clist.html; & (b) U.S. EPA, Region I, 2001, www.epa.gov/region01/children/outdoors.htm
    (103) U.S. Geological Survey, The Occurrence of Mercury in the Fishery Resources of the Gulf of Mexico; http://mo.cr.usgs.gov/gmp/hg.cfm &,  Estuarine Research Federation
    & (b)SFWMD, 2003 Everglades Consolidated Report, Appendix 2B-4: Preliminary  Report on Florida Bay Mercury
    and © Florida DOH Mercury Saltwater Fish Advisories, 2004
       &    D.H.Adams, R.H.McMichael, Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Reports, Mercury Levels in Marine and Estuarine Fishes of Florida, 2001; & Mercury in Marine Fish,   Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission,  http://capmel.com/Mercury_in_fish.htm
    (104)  Science News, Methylmercury’s toxic toll. July 29, 2000, Vol  158, No.5, p77;   & National Research Council, Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, National Acadamy Press, Wash, DC, 2000; & U.S. Centers for Disease Control,   Mar 2001,  Blood and Hair Mercury Levels in Young Children  and Women of Childbearing Age --- United States,           1999 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5008a2.htm
    (105) Proceedings,    International Conference on Mercury as an Environmental Pollutant, Gavle, Sweden June 11-13, 1990.
    (106)   United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, June 2003, The National Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories: Summary of 2002 Data, EPA-823-F-00-20,www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/ ; & U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Mercury Update: Impact on Fish Advisories-Fact Sheet, http://www.epa.gov/ost/fish/mercury.html;
    & J.Raloff, "Mercurial Risks from Acids' Reign", Science News, March 9,1991; &   J Raloff, Why the mercury falls, Science News, V 163, Feb 1;
    (107)      National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on Developmental Toxicology, Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, June 1, 2000,   313 pages; &  Evaluating Chemical and      Other Agent Exposures for  Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity,    Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council   National Academy Press,   262 pages, 6 x 9, 2001; &  National Environmental Trust (NET),  Physicians for Social        Responsibility and the Learning      Disabilities Association of America,   "Polluting Our Future: Chemical Pollution in the U.S. that Affects Child Development and Learning" Sept 2000;   http://www.safekidsinfo.org
    (108)    U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Hazardous Air Pollutant Hazard Summary Fact Sheets, EPA: In Risk Information System, 1998, www.epa.gov/grtlakes/seahome/mercury/src/ways.htm;  & EPA spokesman, U.S.News & World Report, “In the Air that they Breathe”, Science & News, 12-20-99.  &   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), 1996, "Integrated Risk Information System,  National Center for Environmental Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio(& webpage);&   EPA spokesman, U.S.News & World Report, “Kids at Risk”(cover story), 6-19-2000; 

     
    (109) Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Environmental Toxicology, Health Advisories for Mercury in Florida Fish  2004, http://www.doh.state.fl.us/environment/community/fishconsumptionadvisories/Fish_consumption_guide.pdf ; & FDEP, Toxic metal levels in Florida shellfish, 1990; & Mercury Studies in the Florida Everglades, http://sflwww.er.usgs.gov/publications/fs/166-96/ ; & Tom Atkeson, Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection Mercury Coordinator,  "Mercury in Florida's Environment", Aug 18,1994;
    (110) Forrest Ware, Game & Freshwater Fish Commission, "Results of Tests for   Mercury in Florida Bass", 1990.
    (11) "Environmental and Health Effects of Toxic Metals & the Relationship to Acid Pollutants and Incineration", 1999(annotated bibliog.)   www.flcv.com/tm98.html

     
    (112) S.E. Lindberg, "Emission and Deposition of Atmospheric Mercury Vapor", in  lead, mercury, cadmium, and           Arsenic in the Environment, John Wiley & Sons,  Ltd, NY, 1987.
    (113) U.S. EPA, Waste from the Combustion of Coal Power Plants, Report to  Congress, Feb 1988.
    (114)U.S. EPA, Municipal Waste Combustion Study, Report to Congress, EPA/530-5w-87-021a, June 1987.
    (115) Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, Facing America's Trash,  OTA-0-424,  USGPO, Oct 1989. 
    (116) Radian Corporation/U.S.EPA, Assessment of Health Risks Associated with Municipal Waste Combustion Emissions, EPA/530-SW-87-02, 1989
    (117) Journal of Chromatography, Vol 389,1987,pp 127-137   & Dr. Barry Commoner,   in Remote Access Chemical Hazards Electronic Libray(RACHEL), Hazardous Waste      News, No. 45, Oct 5,1987  &     Science, Vol 237, Aug 14, 1987, pp754-756.
    (118) Effects of Toxic Metals on Learning Ability and Behavior ,2005, www.flcv.com/tmlbn.html       (annotated bibliog.-over 250 references)
    (119) (a)Wall Street Journal, Oct 13, 1987.   & (b) The Sentinel, Rome, N.Y., July 1986.
    (120)  KBN Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc.  Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere in Florida, Final Report, Aug 1992,   prepared for FDEP;   & (b) “Estimated Florida mercury emissions from coal-burning power plants” EWG,     www.ewg.org/reports/mercuryfalling/Florida.pdf  
    (121)    RACHEL'S HAZARDOUS WASTE NEWS #390   May 14, 1994 http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn390.htm  & RACHEL'S HAZARDOUS WASTE NEWS #391 ---May 26, 1994--- http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn391.htm    & RACHEL'S ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH WEEKLY #457 ---August 31, 1995--- http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rehw457.htm
    (122) U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 683, "Resource Recovery from Municipal Waste" , & U.S. EPA, Region III, Environmental News, Oct 31,1984.;  & Waste Age, Feb 1981, p66-68.
    (123) RACHEL'S HAZARDOUS WASTE  WEEKLY #403, 1994,  www.ejnet.org/rachel/rehw403.htm ; & RACHEL Hazardous Waste News, No. 22, April 27, 1987; & Environmental Pollution(Series A) 38,pp339-360, 1985.
    (124) Environmental Tests on Incineration Wastes, Environmental Health Perspectives, 59,pp159-162, 1985.
    (125)   (a) J. Hightower, “Methylmercury Contaminmation in Fish: Human Exposures and Case Reports,"    Environmental Health Perspectives; Nov 1, 2002; &  (b) A Oskarsson et al, Swedish National Food Administration, Mercury levels in hair from people eating large quantities of Swedish freshwater fish. Food Addit Contam 1990; 7(4):555-62; &  (c) Preventive Medicine February 2002;34:221-225; &(d)   Dickman MD; Leung KM, "Hong Kong subfertility links to mercury in human hair and fish", Sci Total Environ, 1998,214:165-74; & Mercury and organochlorine exposure from fish consumption in Hong Kong. Chemosphere 1998 Aug;37(5):991-1015; &(e) Y.Kinjo et al, "Cancer mortality in patients exposed to methyl mercury through fish diet", J Epidemiol, 1996, 6(3):134-8; & (f) Choy C et al, Seafood consumption linked to infertility, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2002 109:1121-5; &(g)  J.T. Salonen et al, "Intake of mercury from fish and the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease in eastern Finnish men", Circulation, 1995; 91(3):645-55; & Wisconsin Bureau of Public Health, Imported seabass as a source of mercury exposure: a Wisconsin Case Study, Environ Health Perspect 1995, 103(6): 604-6;
    (126) City of Chicago official, in New York Times, 11-17-92.
    (127) Florida Public Service Commission, Statistics of the Florida Electric  Utility Industry, 1999.
    (28)Florida Mackerel Mercury Warning; Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation,
    www.myflorida.com/chdcollier/health_alerts/health_alerts.htm#_Hlt516549004; & Florida Marine Species Mercury Warning for Species in some water bodies (Spanish mackerel, Ladyfish, Gafftop sailcat, Crevelle Jack, Spotted sea trout-eat only one serving per month) ftp://ftp.dep.state.fl.us/pub/labs/assessment/mercury/health/fha951006.pdf
              & FDEP, Toxic metal levels in Florida shellfish, 1990.
    (129) U.S. EPA, in Florida Environments, May 1994.
    (130) Brian Rood, Univ. of Florida study for Dept.of Environmental Protection,  Tallahasse Democrat,   June 6, 1994.
    (131) J. Raloff, "Mercurial Airs: Tallying Who's to Blame", Science News, 2-19-94; & Dr.S.Sundlof, Univ. of Florida Vetinary College, Florida Environements,  Oct 1993.
    (132)  Mobile Register, Mercury Series(Aug 2001 to Mar 2002): Mercury Taints Seafood
    Mercury Hair Test  Project Interim Results:       

          &(b) Mercury Levels Rising In Gulf Coast Sport Fish  Feb 16, 2006, Oceana: 73rd annual Alabama Deep Sea Fishing Rodeo,

    http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2006/02/mercury_sport_fish.html
    (133) Dr. Robert Hueter, Mote Marine Laboratory Center for Shark Research,   Sarasota  Florida, July 19, 1994; & Tallahassee Democrat, High Mercury Levels in Shark Meat, May 13,1991.
    (134) Compliance Stratigies Review, Fieldstom Publications, Vol 5, No.12, 6-6-94.

     
    (135) E.B.Swain et al, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, "Mercury in Fish from       Northeastern Minnesota Lakes and Historical Trends, Environemental  Correlates, Potential Sources", Journal of the Minn. Academy of Sciences, Vol  Vol 55, No 1, 1989,p103-109;   & "Increasing Rates of Atmospheric Mercury  Deposition in Midcontinental North America", Science, V257, Aug 7,1992; & Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, "Strategies for Reducing Mercury in  Minnesota" June 1994.
    (136) Mercury in Florida freshwater and saltwater fish, levels, sources, health effects,  www.flcv.com/fishhg.html
    (137) E.A.Nater et al, "Regional Trends in Mercury Distribution Across the Great       Lakes States",  Nature, Vol 348, July 9, 1992.
    (138) Electric Power Research Institute. Mercury in the Environment. Electric EPRI Journal 1990; April,p5.
    &  Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI Technical Brief:"Mercury in the  Environment", 1993; &  Weiner, JG et al, 1990, Partitioning and bioavailablity of mercury in an experimentally acified lake, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol 9: 909-918.
    (139) J.O.Nriagu, "Global Metal Pollution- Poisoning the Biosphere", Environment, Vol 32, No. 7, Sept, 1990.
    (140) Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission, Office of Information Services,      1993.
    (141) Florida Fish &  Wildlife Conservation Commission; Fish and Wildlife Recreation Creates Huge Economic Boom for Florida, January 19, 2001 CONTACT: David Harding (850) 487-3794   www.floridaconservation.org/whatsnew/2001/econdata-st.html        &
    American Sportfishing Association, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Wash. D.C.,
    Economic Impact of Fishing in Florida, 1996.  http://floridafisheries.com/updates/econ-2.html
    (142) National Wildlife Federation, Cycle of Harm: Mercury’s Pathway from Rain to Fish in the Environment,  May, 2003, www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/CycleOfHarm111.pdf; & (b) NADP/Mercury Deposition Network, Total Mercury Concentration, 2001; & Total Mercury Wet Deposition , 2001
    (143) Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury,  United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water  4304 EPA-823-F-01-001, January 2001,
    (144) Health Effects of Mercury Toxicity,  www.flcv.com/tmlbn.htmll
    (145)U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001, National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, Oct 2002.
    (146) Effects of Acid Rain on Florida,  www.flcv.com/newar.html
    (147)Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health          Service , Toxicological Profile for Mercury",March 1999; & Apr 19,1999 Media Advisory,  New MRLs for toxic substances, MRL: elemental mercury vapor/ inhalation/chronic & MRL: methyl mercury/oral/acute; &   http://atsdr1.atsdr.cdc.gov:8080/97list.html ;
    (148) Steskal V et al,  Developmental Effects of Prenatal and Neonatal Mercury Exposure, 2002,   www.melisa.org
    (149)Florida Panther Interagency Committee, Status Report:       Mercury Contamination in Florida
    Panthers, Dec 1989,  & C.F.Facemire et al, Reproductive impairment in the Florida Panther, Health
    Perspect,1995, 103 (Supp4):79-86; &  Jagoe CH, 1998, Mercury in Alligators in the Southeastern U.S.,
    Science of the Total Envirnonment, 213:255-262, & Esley RM, Mercury levels in alligator meat in south
    Louisiana, 1999, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 63: 598-603; & High Mercury in Wading Birds; & High
    Mercury in Florida alligators hppt://everglades.fiu.edu/taskforce/precursor/chapter10.html; & (17.6)
    Osowski SL, 1995, The decline of mink in  Georgia, North Carolina, and S. Carolina: the Role of
    Contaminants,  Env Contam and Toxicol, 29:418-423; &   Sepulveda MS et al, 1999, Effects of mercury
    on health and first-year survival of free-ranging great eggrets from southern Florida, Archives Environ
    Contam   and Toxicol, 37:369-376; & M.Maretta et al, "Effect of mercury on the epithelium of the fowl
    testis", Vet Hung 1995, 43(1):153-6.
    (150)(a) Lindberg, S.G., et al.Oak Ridge National Laboratory,  2001. Methylated mercury species in municipal waste landfill gas sampled in Florida, USA.  Atmospheric Environment 35(Aug):4011-15.; & Lindberg, S.G. et al, Airborne Emissions of mercury from municipal solid waste: measurements from 3 Florida landfills, JAWMA, 2002 ; & (c)Methyl Mercury Contamination and Emission to the Atmosphere from Soil Amended with Municipal Sewage Sludge, Anthony Carpi et al, U.S. Dept. of Energy Oak Ridge National Lab(ORNL), Journal Environ. Quality 26:1650-1655 (1997); &  ORNL, Sunlight-mediated Emission of Elemental Mercury from Soil Amended with Sewerage Sludge, Env Sci & Tech, 31(7):2085-91; &Press Release:  ORNL finds green plants fertilized by sewer sludge emit organic and inorganic mercury, www.ornl.gov/Press_Releases/archive/mr19960117‑01.html
     
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1782 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Tue Aug 8, 2006 5:05 am
    Subject: Does Levy Coast face inundation? Like Hagin's Cove in Taylor County, coastal palm trees are dying
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
    August 07. 2006 6:01AM
     
    University of Florida botany professor Jack Putz said area residents need to look no further than the Levy County coastline for evidence of global warming.

    Two of Putz's former students, continuing research he started in the early 1990s, found palm trees along the Gulf of Mexico coast there have died at a rapid rate in recent years. One of those students is presenting the information today at the Ecological Society of America's annual meeting in Memphis, Tenn.

    Putz said global warming is causing the sea level to rise, contributing to the death of palms. He said Floridians are in a unique position to see global climate change is real and the effects are starting to become clear.

    "The evidence of sea level rise is there for anyone who wants to see it," he said.

    The research has focused on coastal forests in Waccasassa Bay State Preserve. Beginning in 1992, Putz and other researchers documented palm trees that were mysteriously dying and pegged saltwater from rising sea levels as the likely cause.

    Students in Putz's advanced ecology class took up the case last year. Smitri Bhotika, now a doctoral student in interdisciplinary ecology, said she was surprised to find 58 mature palms had died since 2000 - compared to 30 in the previous eight years.

    "It was a surprise because the change that they observed in the 1990s was very gradual compared to this," she said.

    Other causes are suspected to have contributed to the deaths, including the late 1990s drought and more recent hurricanes. But Putz said sea levels - rising almost an inch a decade in the Cedar Key area - are largely responsible for inundating the trees with salt water that kills them.

    Most scientists believe greenhouse gas emissions are causing a warming of the Earth, expanding ocean water and melting glaciers and ice sheets. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted sea levels could rise 20 inches by the end of the century.

    Florida's low elevation makes small changes in sea level more pronounced here than in other places, Putz said. Waccasassa Bay is especially at risk, as a 31,000-acre preserve includes coastal marshes and forests accessible only by boat.

    Bhotika said the dead trees are easy to spot, just trunks standing empty of leaves. The deaths initially puzzled researchers because mature palms - those 2 feet or greater in height - are the hardiest of coastal trees and typically tolerant to salt.

    But Bhotika said the trees are falling victim to a costal forest being transformed into salt marsh. Climate change threatens the very existence of the preserve, Putz said.

    "Waccasassa Bay is going to be an underwater preserve in 100 years or 200 years," he said.

    Florida isn't the only place where rising sea levels threaten coastal preserves. Seven thousand miles of protected U.S. shoreline, including 80 coastal parks, are considered at risk from sea-level rise, according to the World Wildlife Fund.

    North Carolina could see 500,000 acres of conservation land go underwater in the next century, said Sam Pearsall, director of science for the state's chapter of the Nature Conservancy. He said the efforts there aim at preparing land for inevitable changes.

    "If we're not careful, we'll end up with a mud hole," he said.

    The efforts include putting limestone reefs in coastal waters, creating a barrier to prevent erosion and places where oysters can flourish. Salt-tolerant vegetation is being planted along coastal land, with the thought it will grow inland as the sea creeps that way.

    Pearsall said he's not aware of other places where conservation areas are being prepared for rising sea levels, but he thinks doing so is just smart planning.

    "What we're doing is making the result a viable ecosystem instead of a disaster," he said.

    Putz said he hopes evidence of coastal changes will create more awareness of the reality of global warming.

    He recently returned from the Netherlands, where he teaches in the summer. He said he was struck by the wide public acknowledgement of global warming there as compared to the U.S.

    "Part of the problem is we don't have enough places like the Gulf Coast where you can actually see the effects," he said.

    Nathan Crabbe can be reached at 352-338-3176 or crabben@....



    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1783 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Tue Aug 8, 2006 1:21 pm
    Subject: Tallahassee Candidates Forum: Thursday August 17
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    In Tallahassee, Thursday, August 17, 6:30 P.M.

    > Would you please send tell your friends about this?
    > We want to maximize attendance.

    If you need a copy a flyer to post, please e-mail me separately at
    surse2@earthlink.net
    >
    > Thanks,
    > Steve
    >
    > The Big Bend Environmental Forum (BBEF) www.bbef.org, the League of Women
    > Voters and the Council of Neighborhood Associations, www.econa.org , have
    > scheduled a candidates' forum for Thursday, August 17, featuring city and
    > county commission candidates. The social with food and organization
    > displays will be set up by 6:30 p.m. The forum will be held from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m.  in the City Hall Commission Chambers on the second floor. We need your
    > presence...and bring a friend.
    >
      BBEF is an alliance of local environmental and growth-management
    > organizations that includes the Native Plant Society. The environmental
    > forums are usually the best attended of the
    > candidates' forums. Citizens, by being present and asking good questions,
    > demonstrate to the candidates their concerns for protecting clean water
    > and air, climate action and clean energy, preserving green space, and
    > promoting smart growth and natural resource management over urban sprawl.
    >
    >> BBEF would like you to consider questions or issues that you want the
    >> candidates to address.>

    >> Ben Wilcox, from Common Cause, will be the moderator.
    >>
    >>


    Do you Yahoo!?
    Everyone is raving about the all-new Yahoo! Mail Beta.

    #1784 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Tue Aug 8, 2006 3:40 pm
    Subject: Tallahassee: Open House This Week Answers Energy Questions
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Tell 'em what you think:   You can fill out their survey at:
     
    *************************
     
    Open House This Week Answers Energy Questions
    August 8
    August 10 Event Offers Forum for Public Input on City's Long-Term Energy Plan - When will my electric bill stop going up? What environmental considerations have gone into City energy planning? What plans will the City Commission review when it decides on our energy resources for the next 20 years? What's all the talk about coal?
    These and any questions citizens have about the City's current energy planning process will be addressed at an open house being held Thursday, Aug. 10, 4-7 p.m., at Dorothy B. Oven Park, 3205 Thomasville Road.
    Electric Utility staff and consultants with expertise on a wide range of energy issues will provide information, answer questions and seek public input regarding the City's Integrated Resources Planning (IRP) process to identify the best long-range plan to meet projected energy requirements.
    Topics for discussion include:
    • A look at Tallahassee's current and projected energy use
    • A review of Tallahassee's current energy resources
    • An overview of four proposed plans developed by the Electric Utility to meet Tallahassee's energy needs for the next 20 years
    • Environmental impact, cost, diversity and reliability aspects of energy plans
    • Energy efficiency and conservation efforts
    • Citizen questions
    Thursday's event is the first of two open houses scheduled at different locations to provide citizens a convenient way to interact with City staff and learn about the proposed energy resource options. The next open house, a repeat of the information presented this Thursday, will be held Tuesday, Aug. 15, 4-7 p.m. at Jack McLean Park, 700 Paul Russell Road. Refreshments, giveaways and door prizes will be provided at each event. The City encourages citizens to attend the open house that they find most convenient.
    A public hearing to enable further input is tentatively scheduled for the Aug. 30 City Commission meeting. The final vote on a long-range energy plan for Tallahassee is currently scheduled for Sept. 13.
    The IRP is an ongoing process that analyzes hundreds of options for both power generation and conservation measures in order to create a 20-year plan for electric utility power generation. The last Integrated Resource Plan study was completed in 2002.
    Citizens can learn more about the IRP process and take an online survey about their priorities on energy planning criteria at talgov.com. A special program about Tallahassee energy and the IRP process is now airing on WCOT, the City's government television station, broadcast on Comcast Cable channel 13. For the WCOT programming schedule and more information on IRP and the Electric Utility, please visit talgov.com.
    Contact
    Gary Brinkworth, Electric Utility, 891-3066 or Stefanie Long, Communications, 891-8533
    AskTalgovCity of Tallahassee Logo © 2005-2006 City of Tallahassee
    Privacy Policy - Disclaimer
    PDF Files/Issues - Site Tools
    For any questions, please use our AskTalgov feature
    **********************************************


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1785 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Tue Aug 8, 2006 9:42 pm
    Subject: Fwd: [Clean Energy Coalition] Million Solar Roofs Bill Passed Unanimously by Senate Committee
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     


    Holly Binns <hbinns@...> wrote:
    To: <CleanEnergy@yahoogroups.com>
    From: "Holly Binns" <hbinns@...>
    Date: Tue, 8 Aug 2006 15:48:06 -0400
    Subject: [Clean Energy Coalition] Million Solar Roofs Bill Passed Unanimously by Senate Committee

    FYI.
    Holly Binns
    Field Director
    850-224-3321 (work)
    850-322-7845 (cell)
    hbinns@floridapirg.org (email)
    News Release
    Million Solar Roofs Bill Passed Unanimously by Senate Committee
    Senate Floor Vote Last Stop for SB 1 before Governor’s Desk
    Sacramento – The Million Solar Roofs bill, SB 1 (Murray/Levine), passed the Senate Energy Committee this morning with a unanimous vote from all nine Democrats and Republicans present. The bill now moves to the Senate Floor for a final concurrence vote before heading to the governor’s desk.
    “Solar power makes so much sense in California given our continued energy shortages and air pollution problems,” said Bernadette Del Chiaro, clean energy advocate for Environment California. “This bill allows California to take a step forward toward realizing the goal of building a million solar roofs and making California the Saudi Arabia of the sun.”
    The Million Solar Roofs bill, SB 1, contains three main policies intended to accompany the California Solar Initiative established by the Public Utilities Commission through a regulatory proceeding in January, after SB 1 ran aground in the legislature last year.
    The California Solar Initiative is a $3.2 billion fund providing rebates for a million solar roofs in PG&E, Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric territories. The program is the nation’s largest and aims to build 3,000 MW of solar power, the equivalent of six large power plants, on homes, businesses, farms, and schools throughout the state.
    The policies contained in SB 1 include:
    1. Lift on cap on net metering enabling consumers to receive a credit on their electric bill for excess energy generated by their solar system. The current cap is 0.5% of a utility’s total load. SB 1 would lift this cap to 2.5%. An estimated 5% is needed to build a million solar roofs in California.
    2. Mandate that all home builders, beginning in 2011, make solar panels a standard option for homebuyers, just like marble countertops. The bill would also direct the California Energy Commission to convene a proceeding to determine if and when solar power should become a standard feature of new construction.
    3. Sets a goal that California’s municipal utilities, such as Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Sacramento Municipal Utility District, adopt their own solar rebate program totaling $800 million. The Public Utilities Commission does not have legal authority over the municipal utilities, so legislation is needed to create a statewide solar rebate program. However, in creating this goal, SB 1 would remove $800 million from the California Solar Initiative originally earmarked for customers in PG&E, Edison and SDG&E territories, covering 80% of the state’s electricity customers. 
    “By rolling back the California Solar Initiative by $800 million, SB 1 takes an unnecessary and unfortunate step backward,” said Del Chiaro. “The responsibility for achieving the state’s solar vision now rests heavily on the shoulders of Mayor Villaraigosa and the LADWP to make sure Los Angeles builds their share of the million solar roofs goal.”
    Today’s hearing was held at the request of the chair, Senator Escutia, and other members of the committee given the significant changes made to the bill since the Committee passed the bill last year. The members who voted to approve SB 1 today were Senators Alarcon, Battin, Bowen, Cox, Dunn, Duttin, Escutia and Kehoe.
    SB 1 now proceeds to the Senate Floor, possibly as early as Thursday, for a final concurrence vote before going to the Governor’s desk for his up or down decision.
    Bernadette Del Chiaro
    Clean Energy Advocate
    Environment California
    1107 9th Street, Suite 601
    Sacramento, CA 95814
    916-446-8062 x 103
    916-448-4560 (fax)



    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Do you Yahoo!?
    Next-gen email? Have it all with the all-new Yahoo! Mail Beta.

    #1786 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Wed Aug 9, 2006 12:11 am
    Subject: Items of interest from the Grist - good readin'
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    check out:
     
    and
    scroll down to the mercury article, below
     
    Daily Grist

    Tuesday, 08 Aug 2006



    Daily Grist
    New in Grist
    NEW IN GRIST

    I Can See Nuclearly Now

    It's a rod, rod, rod, rod world

    Some say nukular power is our salvation. But what about the fact that it takes energy to make, produce, and ship this magic bullet? And what do we do with the waste when we're done? Today, Steven Cohen of Columbia University's Earth Institute weighs in on why nuclear is decidedly not the answer to our energy woes. And just in case you need more down-to-earth evidence, John Stang explains how we're going to warn future generations about the dangers of our radioactive waste heaps. In short: we dunno!

    Diamond's Err Forever

    Dioxin-laced Passaic River remains uncleaned by corporations that fouled it

    For today's tale of corporate skullduggery and government negligence, we take you to the lovely state of New Jersey. For almost 20 years beginning in the early '50s, the Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co. -- manufacturer of pesticides like DDT and Agent Orange -- dumped its dioxin-laden waste untreated into the Passaic River, because really, who's got the time? In 1994, the federal Superfund program ordered Diamond's corporate successors to clean the river up. Ha ha. Said corporate successors proceeded to finance years of scientific studies arguing that dioxin (one of the most toxic synthetic chemicals ever produced) isn't that bad after all, and that lots of other companies dirtied the river too. Meanwhile, their corporate lobbyists descended on Washington, spreading cash around. And lo! In 2002, the feds decided a more "holistic" approach was needed, funded not only by Diamond's descendents but by other companies and taxpayers to boot, and the whole thing should kick off with a decade-long ... study. Meanwhile, the dioxin remains in the Passaic, spreading out farther every year.

    straight to the source: The Star-Ledger, Alexander Lane, 06 Aug 2006

    Tune In to Morro

    Enviros buy out trawlers in California bay

    Attempting to conserve rapidly vanishing bottom-dwelling fish stocks off the central California coast, Environmental Defense and The Nature Conservancy have teamed with bottom-trawling fishers to create three "no-trawl zones" covering a total of nearly 6,000 square miles. In exchange for their endorsement, the fishers in California's Morro Bay will get not only a healthier fishery, but for now, what many of them wanted anyway: a way out of the business. The conservation groups are buying the trawlers' permits and boats -- deals worth hundreds of thousands of dollars each. The agreement between the fishers and NGOs is now part of the official federal plan to aid Pacific Coast fishery recovery. If similar buyout deals go down in Monterey Bay and Half Moon Bay, TNC could soon be the largest holder of trawling permits on the West Coast. The group plans to lease about half the permits to fishers under tighter rules intended to make the catch more sustainable; the other half will go unused.

    straight to the source: The New York Times, Jon Christensen, 08 Aug 2006

    Surprise-Side Economics

    While cutting back on mercury at home, the U.S. exports it abroad

    Like Mickey said, it's a small world after all, and pollution that gets exported can end up coming back home. Case in point: mercury, a neurotoxin especially dangerous to children and women of childbearing age. The U.S. is cutting down on the use of mercury, and has passed laws to limit mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. But there's plenty left in the system, and when it's extracted in the recycling process, it's often sold overseas via an almost completely unregulated commodity market. It's used in developing countries in gold mines and chemical plants, then spewed back in the air, where some of it can drift -- you guessed it -- right back over into U.S. waters. Enviros say the metal should be safely stored rather than sent across the globe, and legislators are listening: The European Union has proposed ending mercury exports, and a new bill introduced by Sen. Barack Obama (D-Ill.) would do the same in the U.S.

    straight to the source: Chicago Tribune, Michael Hawthorne, 08 Aug 2006

    Where There's Smoke, There's Ire

    War igniting forest fires in northern Israel

    Like America's, Israel's forests and grasslands are suffering an unusual number of fires this season. But the problem isn't so much a heat wave as, um, rocket attacks. Since the mid-July start of the Israel-Lebanon conflict, an average of around 50 fires a day have ignited in the northern region of Israel. Though many are small and eventually burn themselves out, others -- a blaze at a toothpaste factory, and some in densely packed neighborhoods -- have taxed even the area's recently beefed-up firefighting resources. Some 2,000 to 3,000 acres of forestland have burned so far, as well as about 6,000 unforested acres. Israeli bombs have also caused fires in Lebanon, not to mention a massive oil spill, so Lebanon's environment is doing considerably worse overall -- in case anyone's keeping score. This is what's known in international relations as a "lose-lose-lose" situation, though that probably underestimates the number of losers. Wake us when the Rapture comes.

    straight to the source: Los Angeles Times, Ken Ellingwood, 07 Aug 2006
    straight to the source: The New York Times, Dina Kraft, 08 Aug 2006
     
     


    Yahoo! Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.

    #1788 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Wed Aug 9, 2006 10:49 pm
    Subject: Buckeye profit slashed
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    Buckeye profit slashed

    Memphis Business Journal - 10:33 AM CDT Wednesday

    Buckeye Technologies Inc. reported earnings of $1.2 million in the second quarter, down 86 percent from the same quarter in 2005, in which the company earned $8.8 million.
    Per share, net income was 3 cents for the fiscal second quarter ending June 30, down from 23 cents per share in the equivalent quarter last year.
    Buckeye (NYSE: BKI) said this included $5.5 million in tax benefits and $1.7 million in restructuring and impairment expenses at the company's closed operations in Lumberton, N.C., and Glueckstadt, Germany.
    Buckeye, a manufacturer and marketer of specialty fibers and nonwoven materials, is headquartered in Memphis.
    Net sales for the second quarter 2006 were $193.4 million, a 5 percent increase over $183.9 million in sales for the second quarter 2005.
    In 2006, the company finished a three-year restructuring program, which included closing its Glueckstadt, Germany, cotton cellulose pulp plant and starting market pulp production at its Americana, Brazil, cotton cellulose pulp plant.
    "During the fiscal year 2006, high energy, chemical and transportation costs coupled with the Americana startup compressed our margins," said Buckeye chairman John B. Crowe, in a statement. "However, cash flow in the second half of the fiscal year was encouraging. Net cash provided by operating activities for fiscal 2006 totaled $58.7 million, which enabled us to complete the investment in Americana and reduce debt by $16 million (from $537 million to $521 million). We intend to continue to reduce debt in fiscal 2007."
    Buckeye operates facilities in the U.S., Germany, Canada and Brazil. Its products are sold to makers of consumer and industrial goods.

    ******************************6666


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Stay in the know. Pulse on the new Yahoo.com. Check it out.

    #1789 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Wed Aug 9, 2006 10:36 pm
    Subject: Fwd: [EANoF] Here is article being protested in the local paper by Simmons
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    The articles were also posted May 23 and May 25 on this list serve. 
    Joy

    Joy Ezell
    Subject: [EANoF] Here is article being protested in the local paper by Simmonsw
    Here is  the article that Alice Simmons is so upset about from the May 23,
     EANoF list serve.  Next one is the answer from a couple of days later..re Sierra Club stand on the "noxious weed", apparently they didn't see the next posting re this subject and just jumped right on in to criticize me, all of us actually. 
       Now I get it, they'd rather the coal fired power plant burned black liquor, which they call "biofuel" than any biomass plant material.....and that would help Buckeye by ridding the mill of one of it's most toxic problems...just let 'em burn it at the power plant.  That's the "synergy" between the two.
        The competition comes in where JEA is funding the growing of this "noxious weed"; that would compete with burning black liquor, of course, which would really upset the apple cart.  And JEA is paying for this --- does this mean there might be a little friction there between Buckeye and JEA?
         As always, follow the money.  Here's your sign.
    Joy
     
     
    Grass isn't greener -- just more powerful; Grass-burner power plant   Message List  
    Reply | Forward | Delete Message #130 of 303 < Prev | Next >
    Thanks to Miss Betty C. for sending this!  Maybe when Buckeye closes, and there's no need for thousands of acres of hybrid-cellulose-no-pine-cone-diaper material-pine 'sort-of'-trees......we can grow "a bamboolike, 16-foot-tall grass" - maybe like kenaf (or hemp?) instead, for powering our natural nature coast with clean energy.

    http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-cleanpower0706may07,0,2321177.story?page=1

    Grass isn't greener -- just more powerful

    Kevin Spear | Sentinel
    Staff Writer
    Posted May 7, 2006

    A proposed power station south of
    Orlando will turn grass mowed from
    15,000 acres into affordable electricity and produce little air
    pollution.

    Although other power companies in Florida and around the world also
    burn plants and other natural materials, this is the first time
    worldwide that an energy plant would grow its own "biomass."

    Builders of the plant, expected to be online in three years, won't
    specify where they are looking to build but are choosing from among
    three sites between Orlando and Lake Okeechobee. They already have sold
    their expected power supply to Progress Energy Florida in a 25-year
    contract.

    By growing a bamboolike, 16-foot-tall grass on its
    own acreage, the plant will be a mostly self-contained power generator,
    churning out voltage for 80,000 homes.

    After several years of
    negotiation, Progress recently agreed to buy nearly all of the
    grass-to-watts electricity generated by Biomass Investment Group Inc.
    in Gulf Breeze. The plant is the first for Biomass.

    Neither
    company would reveal price details, though a Progress official said the
    cost of Biomass electricity already competes with power generated by
    burning the popular but increasingly expensive natural gas. Coal, the
    most-used power-plant fuel in Florida, is still cheaper.

    Finding an alternative to natural gas was attractive for managers of
    Progress, the state's second-biggest electric utility. But the merits
    of firing a generator with grass weren't so obvious.

    "Most
    people think it's unusual at first," said Bob Niekum, the company's
    director of wholesale power in St. Petersburg. "This was a major leap
    of faith on the part of Progress Energy. We need all the resources we
    can find."

    Biomass' 130-megawatt generator, a moderate size, still needs
    regulatory approvals.

    And the company hasn't nailed down a site big enough to include 15,000
    acres of fields for grass that can grow taller than a single-story
    home. For use at the power plant, the 1-inch-thick grass will be dried
    and chopped into chips.

    "We've got three choices between Orlando and Okeechobee," said Allen
    Sharpe, president of Biomass.

    Using grass as a "biomass" or "renewable" fuel to generate electricity
    isn't as unlikely as it sounds. It's used all over the world in forms
    that vary from ethanol for powering cars to wood chips for generating
    electricity. And the idea may become even more popular.

    Worries
    about air pollution, including the type blamed for global warming, and
    rising costs of coal, oil and natural gas have sent utilities
    scrambling for new ways to produce electricity.

    Florida
    authorities predict the state will need 40 percent more electricity by
    2014. Power stations built during the past decade use natural gas, a
    cleaner-burning fuel than coal but one increasingly losing favor among
    utilities because of its rising price.

    Now utilities are renewing their interest in coal and nuclear fuel.

    The Orlando Utilities Commission, for example, has signed on as a
    partner with utility giant Southern Co. to build an advanced-technology
    coal-fired plant in east Orange County.

    Instead of relying on
    the universal and relatively dirty technique of burning coal to make
    steam for a generator, the new OUC plant will cook coal to extract a
    fuel of hydrogen and other burnable gas while leaving behind most
    pollutants in the coal.

    In fact, that's part of the technology to be used by Biomass.

    At a rate of about 125,000 pounds an hour, grass will be processed to
    release burnable gases that, in turn, will fire a generator much like a
    jet engine and a second, steam-driven generator.

    What's left of the processed grass will be spread as fertilizer to grow
    more grass.


    The Biomass plant will be similar to a conventional
    coal plant in that it will discharge carbon dioxide.

    But what the Biomass electric plant emits will be matched by the
    ability of the fields of growing grass to absorb carbon dioxide.

    In enviro-speak, that's called "carbon neutral."

    But officials at Biomass think there's an extra benefit. Some carbon
    dioxide will be locked away in the soil by roots -- which will slightly
    reduce the amount of global warming gas in the atmosphere. Years from
    now, tests will show how much carbon dioxide is captured and stored
    underground.

    By comparison, the burning of coal, oil and
    natural gas brings carbon dioxide from deep underground and injects it
    into the atmosphere.

    The grass-powered plant will get little government support other than
    possible tax credits and loan guarantees.

    Environmental advocates say that's not enough incentive.

    "Biomass, solar and wind power are at the top of the list of energy
    sources we want," said Holly Binns, a coordinator for the Florida
    Public Interest Research Group in Tallahassee.

    Said Biomass Vice President Jim Little: "This is going to be the first
    of many plants."

    Kevin Spear can be reached at kspear@orlandosentinel.com or
    407-420-5062.

    *******************************


    Re: [Clean Energy Coalition] Re: Grass isn't greener -- just more po   Message List  
    Reply | Forward | Delete Message #134 of 303 < Prev | Next >
    Thanks December - for getting us on the right track with this!
    Joy

    lmcshe2001@AOL.COM wrote:
    Sierra Club  OPPOSES planting  arundo donax anywhere in
    Florida or USA. (This Wall Sreet Journal article below is more
    than 2 years old and after extensive research we changed our position.)
     
    Arundo donax would damge the ecosystem in Florida
     
    The rhizome would colonize Florida in the same
    mannner Malaleuca did in Everglades wetlands and
    California's riparian ecosystems.
    • It is an noxious weed brought in from the Meditterraean
    • The reed uses massive amounts of water which is limited
    • The weed eplaces native species
    • Outgrows and replaces native habitat
    • Worthless as feed or cover for  any wildlife, would starve wildlife
    • Would require dangerous herbicides to eliminate it which may not work at all
    I have been in communication with Mr. Sharpe. He is currently getting
    a patent on this plant and will call it another name in order the get rid
    of the negative stigma.
     
    Sierra Club opposes converting farmland in Florida to energy plantations.
    We support conservation of our natural resources; soil, water and wildlife
    come first. We are a conservation organization.
     
    If everyone would cut their energy consumption by 50% as people  did
    in California, Progress Energy could buy pollution control instead
    of building a new power plant.
     
    December McSherry
    Agriculture Chair
    Sierra Club, Florida Chapter
     
     
    In a message dated 5/24/2006 9:29:28 AM Eastern Standard Time, dglickd@pipeline.com writes:
    Hello All -- Mr. Sharpe's -- "bamboo" -- Best, Dick
     
    By BILL RICHARDS
    Special to THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
    JACKSONVILLE, Fla. -- Driving slowly, Allen Sharpe searched the bank of the St. Johns River here for his favorite reed. "There she grows," Mr. Sharpe said, braking to a halt next to a silver-plumed stand of Arundo donax.
    And grow it does. The cane-like reeds tower 30 feet over the six-foot-four Mr. Sharpe, adding as much as three inches of new growth overnight. Environmentalists here see the plant as a godsend, offering a fast-growing replacement for coal and wood products without gouging the earth or chopping down forests.

    With the blessing of the Northern Florida Sierra Club and Lung Association chapters, Mr. Sharpe has secured a contract to supply Jacksonville's city-owned utility, JEA, with as much as $250 million in Arundo-fueled "green" power over the next 15 years. He plans to plant 8,000 acres of Arundo next spring on leased land near the Florida Everglades.
    Deanne DiPietro, an environmental analyst at the University of California at Davis, was horrified to hear of his plans. She is one of the leaders of a multimillion-dollar federal and state effort to rid California of Arundo. State officials, along with local Sierra Club chapters and other environmental groups, blame the reed for fueling wildfires, causing floods and killing fish. Arundo ranks near the top of the state's list of botanical pests.
    "It's the plant from hell," says Ms. DiPietro.
     
    America can't make up its mind about Arundo. Enthusiasts, mostly East Coasters, are planting the hyperactive reed -- technically a giant grass -- from Delaware Bay, where researchers are working with it to make building products and paper, to Alabama, where researchers want to see whether it could replace tobacco and cotton as a cash crop.
    On the West Coast, Arundophobes are ripping out the stuff as fast as they can. "We're doing everything we can to get rid of it," says Alan Sanders, conservation chairman of the Los Padres Sierra Club chapter. Sangfer Hedrick, a citrus grower in Ventura County, north of Los Angeles, says he has spent the past two years battling to remove a 15-acre Arundo stand from his 400-acre spread.
    First, Mr. Hedrick says, he tried cutting it out by hand. "That didn't work," he says. "So then we brought in tractors, then ground rippers, then a flail mower that spins at 3,000 rpm." He ended up pouring herbicide over the remains.
    "I think we got most of it out," Mr. Hedrick says. "If we patrol it once or twice a year for a while, we can keep it down."
    Although Arundo has been growing in California for more than a century, Thomas Dudley, a plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley, says it has become a serious pest only in the past couple of decades. Streamside development and runoff of chemical fertilizers into rivers have fed the reed, allowing it to outstrip competing plants, particularly marsh grasses, he says.
    Mr. Dudley, author of a chapter on Arundo in "Noxious Wildland Weeds of California," calls it "the fastest growing plant there is," and says it has spread as far as the Channel Islands -- 30 miles off the coast. California officials recently put Arundo on the state's list of noxious weeds, allowing counties to pass local ordinances making growing or transporting it a crime.
    Still, Mr. Dudley sheepishly admits he kind of likes the plant. "I'm a clarinet player and Arundo makes the best clarinet reeds you can get," he says.
    ----- Original Message -----
    From: Joy Ezell
    Sent: Tuesday, May 23, 2006 6:21 PM
    Subject: [Clean Energy Coalition] Grass isn't greener -- just more powerful; Grass-burner power plant in Orlando

    Thanks to Miss Betty C. for sending this!  Maybe when Buckeye closes, and there's no need for thousands of acres of hybrid-cellulose-no-pine-cone-diaper material-pine 'sort-of'-trees......we can grow "a bamboolike, 16-foot-tall grass" - maybe like kenaf (or hemp?) instead, for powering our natural nature coast with clean energy.

    http://www.orlandosentinel.com/orl-cleanpower0706may07,0,2321177.story?page=1

    Grass isn't greener -- just more powerful

    Kevin Spear | Sentinel
    Staff Writer
    Posted May 7, 2006

    A proposed power station south of
    Orlando will turn grass mowed from
    15,000 acres into affordable electricity and produce little air
    pollution.

    Although other power companies in Florida and around the world also
    burn plants and other natural materials, this is the first time
    worldwide that an energy plant would grow its own "biomass."

    Builders of the plant, expected to be online in three years, won't
    specify where they are looking to build but are choosing from among
    three sites between Orlando and Lake Okeechobee. They already have sold
    their expected power supply to Progress Energy Florida in a 25-year
    contract.

    By growing a bamboolike, 16-foot-tall grass on its
    own acreage, the plant will be a mostly self-contained power generator,
    churning out voltage for 80,000 homes.

    After several years of
    negotiation, Progress recently agreed to buy nearly all of the
    grass-to-watts electricity generated by Biomass Investment Group Inc.
    in Gulf Breeze. The plant is the first for Biomass.

    Neither
    company would reveal price details, though a Progress official said the
    cost of Biomass electricity already competes with power generated by
    burning the popular but increasingly expensive natural gas. Coal, the
    most-used power-plant fuel in Florida, is still cheaper.

    Finding an alternative to natural gas was attractive for managers of
    Progress, the state's second-biggest electric utility. But the merits
    of firing a generator with grass weren't so obvious.

    "Most
    people think it's unusual at first," said Bob Niekum, the company's
    director of wholesale power in St. Petersburg. "This was a major leap
    of faith on the part of Progress Energy. We need all the resources we
    can find."

    Biomass' 130-megawatt generator, a moderate size, still needs
    regulatory approvals.

    And the company hasn't nailed down a site big enough to include 15,000
    acres of fields for grass that can grow taller than a single-story
    home. For use at the power plant, the 1-inch-thick grass will be dried
    and chopped into chips.

    "We've got three choices between Orlando and Okeechobee," said Allen
    Sharpe, president of Biomass.

    Using grass as a "biomass" or "renewable" fuel to generate electricity
    isn't as unlikely as it sounds. It's used all over the world in forms
    that vary from ethanol for powering cars to wood chips for generating
    electricity. And the idea may become even more popular.

    Worries
    about air pollution, including the type blamed for global warming, and
    rising costs of coal, oil and natural gas have sent utilities
    scrambling for new ways to produce electricity.

    Florida
    authorities predict the state will need 40 percent more electricity by
    2014. Power stations built during the past decade use natural gas, a
    cleaner-burning fuel than coal but one increasingly losing favor among
    utilities because of its rising price.

    Now utilities are renewing their interest in coal and nuclear fuel.

    The Orlando Utilities Commission, for example, has signed on as a
    partner with utility giant Southern Co. to build an advanced-technology
    coal-fired plant in east Orange County.

    Instead of relying on
    the universal and relatively dirty technique of burning coal to make
    steam for a generator, the new OUC plant will cook coal to extract a
    fuel of hydrogen and other burnable gas while leaving behind most
    pollutants in the coal.

    In fact, that's part of the technology to be used by Biomass.

    At a rate of about 125,000 pounds an hour, grass will be processed to
    release burnable gases that, in turn, will fire a generator much like a
    jet engine and a second, steam-driven generator.

    What's left of the processed grass will be spread as fertilizer to grow
    more grass.


    The Biomass plant will be similar to a conventional
    coal plant in that it will discharge carbon dioxide.

    But what the Biomass electric plant emits will be matched by the
    ability of the fields of growing grass to absorb carbon dioxide.

    In enviro-speak, that's called "carbon neutral."

    But officials at Biomass think there's an extra benefit. Some carbon
    dioxide will be locked away in the soil by roots -- which will slightly
    reduce the amount of global warming gas in the atmosphere. Years from
    now, tests will show how much carbon dioxide is captured and stored
    underground.

    By comparison, the burning of coal, oil and
    natural gas brings carbon dioxide from deep underground and injects it
    into the atmosphere.

    The grass-powered plant will get little government support other than
    possible tax credits and loan guarantees.

    Environmental advocates say that's not enough incentive.

    "Biomass, solar and wind power are at the top of the list of energy
    sources we want," said Holly Binns, a coordinator for the Florida
    Public Interest Research Group in Tallahassee.

    Said Biomass Vice President Jim Little: "This is going to be the first
    of many plants."

    Kevin Spear can be reached at kspear@orlandosentinel.com or
    407-420-5062.

    *******************************


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@yahoo.com
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.

    Be a chatter box. Enjoy free PC-to-PC calls with Yahoo! Messenger with Voice.




    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.



    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1790 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Thu Aug 10, 2006 5:20 am
    Subject: Progress Energy's state profits soar 770%
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    Progress Energy's state profits soar

    By Times Staff Writer
    Published August 9, 2006

    Progress Energy Inc. lost $47-million last quarter, but profits from its Florida operations soared 770 percent, a financial windfall reported as many Floridians are being stunned by sharp increases in their summer electric bills.
    Progress Energy Florida contributed $87-million to the North Carolina parent company’s profits last quarter, up from just $10-million during the same period a year ago. Why the enormous jump?
    The company says it’s the result of hot weather, customer growth and lower expenses for operations and maintenance. Last year’s results included writeoffs from unrecoverable storm costs.
    But the company also is enjoying the results of higher rates Florida customers began paying Jan. 1. Electricity sales were up 5.8 percent in terms of kilowatt hours, but a whopping 26.3 percent in terms of revenues. After fuels and other pass-through revenues were subtracted, revenues were up 7.9 percent.
    Florida residential customers now pay $109.56 for the first 1,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per month, $11.78 more than they did a year ago. The company has said it raised electricity rates to offset the higher costs it must pay for fuel used to ruin its power plants.
    Overall, the company had $2.5-billion in revenues, 10.3 percent more than last year. Progress Energy Florida provided $1.5-billion. The financial figures are for the three months that ended June 30.
    Results for the next quarter, which includes the hot weather months of July, August and September, will be announced in the fall. Progress Energy Florida already has disclosed that residential customer bills in the $500 to $1,000 range more than doubled in the Tampa Bay area to 4,348 in June, up from 1,984 in June 2005.
    Amid such big gains, how did Raleigh-based Progress Energy Inc. manage to lose $47-million? Mostly through losses on discontinued operations, including generating plants in Florida’s DeSoto County and North Carolina’s Rowan County, which are being sold to Atlanta-based Southern Co.
    Progress Energy also took writeoffs on the value of its synthetic fuel business, a form of specially-treated coal. Those operations in Kentucky and West Virginia were shut down in May.
    The $47-million loss for the quarter amounts to 19 cents per share and compares to a net loss of $1-million, or 1 cent per share, for the same period a year ago.

    Although Progress Energy Florida was the more profitable partner for the most recent quarter, its sister affiliate -- Progress Energy Carolina -- is still in the lead over the last six months.

    For the first half of the year $161-million in profits came from the Carolinas and $139-million from Florida. The Carolina unit sold more power during the winter, but a mild spring led to a dropoff in demand. In Florida the results were reversed, with a mild winter and a hot spring.
    The Florida unit is enjoying strong customer growth, with the net addition of 35,000 customers during the last quarter. Wholesale revenues also rose as a result of new contracts.
    Progress Energy plans to discuss the company’s financial performance with analysts and investors in a conference call today.
    Tampa Electric, part of TECO Energy and the other major power provider in the Tampa Bay area, reported its earnings in late July. In sharp contrast to Progress Energy Florida’s 770-percent profit gain, Tampa Electric’s profits declined in the quarter to $37.1-million from $38.8-million in the same period of 2005.
    Helen Huntley can be reached at hhuntley@... or (727) 893-8230.
    **************************88


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Get your email and more, right on the new Yahoo.com

    #1791 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Thu Aug 10, 2006 5:42 am
    Subject: Idaho Gov says state will opt out of fed pollution trading plan; no coal fired power plants in state
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
    Idaho Gov Opts Out Of US Pollution Plan For Coal Plants
    Wednesday August 9th, 2006 / 22h48

    BOISE, Idaho (AP)--Gov. Jim Risch said Wednesday that Idaho will opt out of a U.S. federal pollution trading plan, a move that effectively prevents coal-fired power plants from being built in the state.
    At a press conference near the Snake River in Twin Falls, Risch called the decision "a very important step in protecting Idaho's environment and the people who call Idaho home."
    He's following the recommendation of the Idaho Board of Environmental Quality, which in June voted unanimously against having the state take part in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency program.
    Earlier this year, a Southern California utility, Sempra Energy (SRE), had proposed building a $1.4 billion coal-fired power plant in Jerome County, prompting 8,500 people in south-central Idaho to sign petitions against such a proposal.
    Idaho currently has no coal-fired power plants.
    Dennis Lopez, a spokesman for Idaho Power Co., the state's largest utility, declined to immediately give the company's position on Risch's decision.
    Earlier this year, the Idaho Legislature voted for a two-year ban on issuing permits for coal-fired plants, to give the state time to revamp its energy plan. An energy interim committee of the Legislature meets Thursday at the Statehouse in Boise to discuss its effort.
     
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Yahoo! Messenger with Voice. Make PC-to-Phone Calls to the US (and 30+ countries) for 2¢/min or less.

    #1793 From: "H Saive" <Mail@...>
    Date: Fri Aug 11, 2006 12:31 am
    Subject: Affordable energy makes affordable housing
    hsaive
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Let's think critically about how affordable energy makes affordable housing.
     
    This project installs solar panels on low income family housing.
     
    HWS



    Link:  http://www.globalgiving.com/pr/1300/proj1263p.html

    Project life cycle ( San Francisco)

    Project's area of focus: Support services and installation of solar electric systems for low-income families
    Project Needs and Beneficiaries

    Due to lack of existing capital and available financing, low-income homeowners struggling for financial independence do not typically consider alternative energy sources such as solar, or receive the resulting economic benefits. GRID Alternatives addresses the barriers that have prevented low-income families from installing solar electric systems on their homes by harnessing volunteer labor and identifying low-interest financing with rebates to reduce their electricity costs significantly.

    Activities
    10 low-income families will receive free installation of solar electric systems, implementation of energy efficiency measures, support services to obtain state rebates, permits, utility metering, etc., and access to deferred or low interest financing.

    Potential Long Term Impact
    Program impacts include helping to sustain the affordability of low-income housing through the use of alternative energy within low-income communities, and helping to reduce emissions associated with electricity generated from fossil fuels.

    Project Message
    “The net savings from my utility bill makes it so I can pay another bill.”
    - Rachel, single mother and program recipient



    h
    Attachment: vcard [not shown]

    #1794 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Fri Aug 11, 2006 2:45 am
    Subject: Brooksville COAL train derails on way to power plant
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    August 10, 2006

    Brooksville train derails

    BROOKSVILLE—A coal train derailed shortly before 2 p.m. today, pushing 18 full cars into each other and knocking some onto their sides.
    County employees barricaded the entrance of Ayers Road at US 41, where the train’s cars blocked traffic.Sgt. Mike Burzumato said the rural road south of Brooksville would likely remain closed for six hours.
    The conductor and engineer were not hurt and were relieved of duty for the rest of the day, said Meg Sheu, a CSX Transportation Inc. spokeswoman. The train was headed to a power plant.

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    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Get your email and more, right on the new Yahoo.com

    #1795 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Fri Aug 11, 2006 2:54 am
    Subject: FBI suspects sabotage in Tampa, FL CSX derailment
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
    FBI suspects sabotage in CSX derailment
    (The Associated Press circulated the following on August 3.)

    TAMPA, Fla. — A CSX freight train flipped off the tracks after hitting a piece of railroad equipment deliberately left on the tracks, the FBI said.

    "Its become a criminal investigation," FBI spokeswoman Carol Michalik said Monday. "Something was left on the tracks."

    No further details were immediately available.

    No one was hurt when the CSX engine and three cars derailed Sunday evening.

    About 200 gallons of diesel fuel spilled from the engine and a major Tampa road was closed all day Monday as workers cleaned up the mess.

    Witness Ernest Rickenbacker saw the engine "just hit the ground" as he drove past Sunday.

    "At least 40 people ran up to it to help whoever was inside," Rickenbacker said. "It really showed that people still care."

    Friday, August 04, 2006


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Do you Yahoo!?
    Get on board. You're invited to try the new Yahoo! Mail Beta.

    #1796 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Fri Aug 11, 2006 12:51 pm
    Subject: Groups Press for Action on Global Mercury Crisis: Concurrent Conference Will Identify Solutions to Mercury Problems
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Groups Press for Action on Global Mercury Crisis:
    Concurrent Conference Will Identify Solutions to Mercury Problems
    8/4/2006 10:08:00 AM
    ____________________________________

    To: National Desk
    Contact: Michael Bender of the Mercury Policy Project, 802-223-9000 or
    802-249-8543 (additional contacts below)

    MADISON, Wis., Aug. 4 /U.S. Newswire/ -- An advocacy forum, "Finding
    Solutions to the Global Mercury Crisis," will be held next week alongside a science
    meeting, the "International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant."
    Early drafts of the science meeting's "synthesis manuscript" - - expected to
    be published after the meeting -- suggest an overemphasis on the
    uncertainties about mercury rather than recommendations for action or specific solutions to known mercury problems. In contrast, the NGO meeting will present
    information on available, effective, common sense solutions that will reduce mercury
    releases and provide health and environmental benefits.

    "The UN and a host of countries -- including the US -- have already
    acknowledged, and I quote, 'sufficient evidence of significant global adverse impacts
    from mercury to warrant further international action to reduce the risks to
    humans ... as soon as possible,'" said Michael Bender, director of the
    Mercury Policy Project. "By meeting alongside the science forum, we hope that
    participants will come away with solutions to the global mercury crisis."

    At their meeting, NGOs will demonstrate that the mercury crisis is a
    solvable problem and that use and pollution reduction alternatives are cost
    effective and available. The advocacy meeting will also relay new evidence on the
    prevalence of mercury in fish, an American and global diet staple, and the risks
    of exposure from consumption of those fish. "To see the presence of mercury
    in our lives, just go to any grocery store, pick up a swordfish or tuna
    fillet, and instead of cooking it, send it to a lab for analysis," said Eric Uram
    of the Mercury Free Wisconsin coalition. "We did just that and as expected,
    swordfish is loaded with mercury at levels above the FDA action level. Tuna
    comes in a little lower, but it's still high enough to warrant limiting
    consumption, particularly by young women and children."

    "These data show how much we need signs at seafood counters to convey the
    FDA advice and to make sure parents and parents-to-be get the information they
    need to make informed and healthy choices for their families," said Jackie
    Savitz of Oceana. "But none of the grocery stores in Wisconsin where we got the
    fish have such signs. Posting FDA's advisory on mercury in seafood is
    another simple, common sense solution to this widespread problem."

    High mercury levels in seafood provide clear evidence of the need to take
    stronger action to address the mercury problem, say advocates.

    "To reduce human mercury exposure, mercury-free solutions should be promoted
    at chlor alkali facilities, and further investigated in dentistry and in
    artisanal and small scale gold mining," said Elena Lymberidi, "Zero Mercury
    Campaign" coordinator of the European Environmental Bureau.

    Like many other states, advocates point out that the Wisconsin DNR will make
    a decision on mercury regulations this fall.
    "Wisconsin has fallen behind in regulating mercury emissions from power
    plants," said Keith Reopelle, program director for Clean Wisconsin. "We need to
    reduce mercury emissions by at least 90 percent as our neighbors in Illinois
    and Minnesota have."

    Fish was purchased at Sam's Club, Pick and Save, Jewel, Cub Foods and Copps
    and tested by New Age/Landmark Mobile Services in Benton Harbor, Mich.
    For more information on fish testing results, groups issuing the release and
    the advocacy conference: _http://www.mercurypolicy.org_
    (http://releases.usnewswire.com/redir.asp?ReleaseID=70277&Link=http://www.mercurypolicy.org)

    For more information on the international science conference:
    _http://www.mercury2006.org_
    (http://releases.usnewswire.com/redir.asp?ReleaseID=70277&Link=http://www.mercury2006.org)
    For more information on mercury and UNEP: _http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/_
    (http://releases.usnewswire.com/redir.asp?ReleaseID=70277&Link=http://www.chem.
    unep.ch/MERCURY/)
    ---
    Additional Contacts:
    Keith Reopelle of Clean Wisconsin, 608-251-7020 or 608-212-2935
    Jackie Savitz of Oceana, 202-467-1916 or 202-486-6113
    Elena Lymberidi of the European Environmental Bureau, +32-496-532818
    Eric Uram of the Mercury Free Wisconsin coalition, 608-347-8008
    *********************************
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Talk is cheap. Use Yahoo! Messenger to make PC-to-Phone calls. Great rates starting at 1¢/min.

    #1797 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 12, 2006 2:19 pm
    Subject: Tallahassee Democrt: Coal-plant debate back for election & City readies for coal open house, Few show up for first gathering
    hopeforclean...
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    Originally published August 12, 2006
    Coal-plant debate back for election
    Commissioner candidates say where they stand on contentious issue

    Remember that coal-plant debate that was polarizing the community last fall?
    It's once again a hot political issue.
    The commissioners are expected to vote Sept. 13 on a 20-year energy plan, including whether to stay involved in the coal plant.
    All five candidates who are challenging incumbents in the City Commission elections say they're against the plant proposal, called the Taylor Energy Center, and would vote against it if they were in the commissioners' shoes. Two incumbents say they have their minds pretty much made up about the plant, barring any unexpected new information, while the third incumbent says she has yet to make up her mind.
    The other options are:
    Building a more costly, technologically advanced coal-gasification plant.
    Buying power - including coal-fueled power - from a private source.
    Continuing to invest in natural-gas plants.
    All four options include investing in energy-saving measures and renewable sources of energy.
    Presentations by utility staff show that the coal plant would be the cheapest alternative in most cases but that it has higher mercury and carbon-dioxide emissions than other options.
    The staff is expected to continue refining its analysis until the vote and is seeking input from residents on what's most important: environmental impact, energy savings, reliability or diversifying the city's fuel mix, which currently relies heavily on natural gas.
    Sixty percent of Tallahassee voters in November approved giving the commissioners the option to get involved with the plant if a majority of them "determines that (it) ... will be built in Taylor County regardless of the City's participation."
    Coal-plant opponents say there's no proof the plant would be built without Tallahassee, although most commissioners and city staff say otherwise.
    Since the commission's vote on this important issue will take place after the Sept. 5 primary election, the Tallahassee Democrat asked commissioners and their challengers how they would vote.

    Timeline

    Now: There's a program airing on the city's television channel (WCOT, Comcast Cable channel 13) and a survey online at talgov.com, where citizens can learn more about the process.
    Tuesday: The city will have a second open house for residents to ask questions from 4 to 7 p.m. at Jack McLean Park, 700 Paul Russell Road.
    Aug. 23: Utilities staff will offer commissioners a refined analysis of the different plans.
    Aug. 30: Commissioners will get to hear from the public during a 6 p.m. hearing at City Hall; the staff is also expected to share what it's heard from the community.
    Sept. 13: Commissioners are expected to choose a 20-year energy plan, including whether to stay involved in the coal plant. The meeting starts at 4 p.m.

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    Ed Deaton, right, with Bikewalk Network, talks to Myron Rollins with Black & Veatch, about his position on the coal plant at an energy open house at Dorothy B. Oven Park.
    ********************************************
    Article published Aug 12, 2006
    City readies for coal open house
    Few show up for first gathering

    City commissioners have heard what staff and outside experts have to say about the city's energy needs and the case for a coal plant.
    Now they want to hear from you.
    To that end, the city is organizing another open house for interested residents to speak with the utilities staff. There's also a survey you can fill out at talgov.com, asking about your priorities regarding Tallahassee's energy future: cost, environmental impact, reliability or diversifying the city's fuel mix, which is currently heavily dependent on natural gas.
    And the city is running a special program on energy on its television station, WCOT (Comcast Cable channel 13).
    The first open house, which took place Thursday at Dorothy B. Oven Park, attracted just a handful of people: 16 had signed in by 6 p.m., two hours into the three-hour event.
    But they made up in passion what they lacked in numbers.
    "I just came in for the survey," said Jane Fleitman, a wild-animal rehabilitator. "I wanted to get my two cents in, or my four cents in: I just think the environment is the most important thing."
    The open house attracted mostly people who felt the same way; some came on their bicycles, others in cars covered in "Vote No Coal" stickers.
    In addition to the city's charts and graphs showing the comparative costs and polluting emissions of the different options the city is considering, the local environmental group Big Bend Climate Action Team was making its own presentation against the coal plant.
    Peter and Jo Richardson came to the event to get more information about the choices commissioners will face Sept. 13, when they're expected to adopt a 20-year energy plan for the city. They left feeling uncomfortable about coal - just as when they came in.
    "I think it's probably going to be cost-effective, and that's where it gets its appeal," said Peter Richardson, a locksmith at Florida State University. "It's a good option, but I think it puts off more costly, long-term environmental (investments)."
    City staff said the open house was also a chance to let people know about the $236 million energy-saving programs the city has developed over the past year, which could be a part of any energy plan it adopts.
    "I'm always looking for a chance to talk to people about the energy-conservation components," said Bob Seaton, the manager of retail services with the city's energy utilities.
    The next open house is scheduled for 4 to 7 p.m. Tuesday at Jack McLean Park, 700 Paul Russell Road.

    *********************************************************


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Get your email and more, right on the new Yahoo.com

    #1798 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 12, 2006 3:30 pm
    Subject: Report on train derailments in FL each year
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    A report which includes train derailemnts in FL can be found at:
      
     
    http://www.dot.state.fl.us/rail/Publications/2002Plan/Chapter%204.pdf
      
      and also in the files on this list serve.   15 to 65 train
    derailments in FL each year.....
      
      
      Joy


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Do you Yahoo!?
    Get on board. You're invited to try the new Yahoo! Mail Beta.

    #1799 From: "H Saive" <Mail@...>
    Date: Sat Aug 12, 2006 7:04 pm
    Subject: The War on fear-mongering
    hsaive
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    Air America Radio host, Dr. Rachel Maddow asks the tough questions and exposes Bush's staged opportunity to slam the opposition on everything except the merits.
     
    A six minute Air America audio clip is imbedded in the PDF.
     
     
     
    HWS
     

    #1800 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 3:53 am
    Subject: Mercury risk?
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     

    Mercury risk?

    State must take action to end silent threat

    By JENNIFER FEYERHERM
    From the Aug. 12, 2006 editions of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
    Asilent threat, mercury - contaminates our waterways, our fish and our bodies. It builds up in our tissues. It robs our children of their ability to think and learn. It is present at some level in all Wisconsin lakes, rivers and streams, causing the Department of Natural Resources to issue statewide advisories limiting the amount of fish we should eat.
    In fact, 98% of the Great Lakes and their connecting waters are not safely fishable. We know how to stop mercury pollution. We owe it to ourselves, to our children and to our grandchildren to take action.
    Mercury's health effects are well-documented. From the Bush administration to the American Medical Association to the Sierra Club, we all can agree on the facts: Mercury, like lead, damages our children's brains. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that can negatively affect IQ, cognitive thinking, fine motor skills, memory, attention, language, immune system function and development in children exposed to even low levels.
    Higher levels can result in cerebral palsy, mental retardation, delayed walking and speech and have been linked to autism.
    The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that one in six women of child-bearing age already carries enough mercury in her body to put her children at risk for mercury poisoning. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York estimates that the loss of IQ caused by mercury pollution costs the United States billions of dollars each year, with
    $1.3 billion directly attributed to coal-fired power plants.
    Coal-fired power plants are the largest source of mercury pollution in Wisconsin, accounting for more than 60% of the state's mercury pollution. Almost 75% of the state's electricity generation is from coal-fired power plants - and all but one of those plants are operating without scrubbers or other modern pollution controls that can slash mercury emissions by more than 90%.
    The good news is that we know how to stop mercury pollution.
    In 2003, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection released a decade-long study of mercury in southern Florida and the Everglades. The study found that tough regulations of mercury pollution helped remove this toxic pollutant from the environment and the food chain in a few years.
    Wisconsin was at the forefront of reducing mercury pollution, but we are now at risk of falling behind the pollution reductions under way in neighboring Minnesota and Illinois. We must retire our oldest, most inefficient and dirty coal-fired power plants and put scrubbers and modern pollution controls on the rest.
    Gov. Jim Doyle should follow the lead of our neighbors and require mercury reductions as soon as possible. For an estimated increase of $1 to $3 in monthly utility bills, we can slash mercury pollution from our coal-fired power plants by 90%.
    The governor also can start cleaning up the aging state-owned fleet of coal plants as we move into his vision of energy independence for Wisconsin.
    Better yet, we can stop sending our money out of state to bring coal and mercury pollution in. We can reduce our overdependence on coal and move toward a cleaner, safer and more secure energy future. Our innovation and technological know-how, combined with abundant wind and biomass resources, offer an opportunity to create new industry, jobs and economic activity with clean, efficient, safe energy systems, including our electric system.
    We have the potential to become a powerhouse of 21st-century energy and technology that can be marketed regionally, nationally and globally.
    Jennifer Feyerherm is toxics specialist for the Sierra Club's Great Lakes Program in Madison.


    From the Aug. 12, 2006 editions of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


    Want to be your own boss? Learn how on Yahoo! Small Business.

    #1801 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 4:03 am
    Subject: Lime Plant plans major expansion:products used in paper production, power plant pollution control, municipal and industrial water and sewage treatment, industrial and residential water treatment, road stabilization, steel production and ore processing.
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Please note the slick pr in this article -
     
     
    Posted on Fri, Aug. 11, 2006
    Duluth News Tribune

    Plant plans major expansion
    SUPERIOR: The CLM lime plant must line up permits first.

    SUPERIOR DAILY TELEGRAM
    CLM Corp. plans to invest about $36 million to expand the company's Superior lime plant.
    The investment would add a fifth kiln to the operation that produces lime products used in paper production, power plant pollution control, municipal and industrial water and sewage treatment, industrial and residential water treatment, road stabilization, steel production and ore processing. Taconite companies use CLM lime to add value to pellets manufactured on the Iron Range.
    CLM also will modernize the facility to ensure peak performance for the operation and environment.
    Staying ahead of growing demand for lime is the goal, said James Korthals, chief executive officer and president of Duluth-based Cutler-Magner, CLM's parent company.
    "Due to the Clean Air Act, many of our customers are having to remove sulfur from their gas emissions -- from the coal-fired power-producing plants," Korthals said. "We make a product called calcium oxide, or lime, that actually scrubs the sulfur from the particulate leaving their stacks. We are meeting our customers' requirements. As they step up, we are stepping up right in front of them so we can supply them with a quality product to help them clean the environment up."
    Sulfur emissions form some of the most harmful and environmentally damaging pollutants in the air, according to the Environmental Protection Agency's task force on clean air. It is associated with health problems and acid rain.
    Calcium oxide bonds with particulate sulfur to create synthetic gypsum, the material used to create wallboard.
    CLM's storage capacity in Superior allows the company to stockpile 500,000 short tons of limestone over 10 acres. Specialized equipment, including a massive bridge crane, transports the limestone to conveyors feeding four rotary kilns. The project would allow the company to increase production of calcium oxide to meet growing demand.
    Before it can move ahead, CLM must obtain air and water quality permits. "It's not a forgone conclusion at this point," Korthals said.
    "We are working very, very closely with our government agencies and elected officials to help us make sure that we dot every 'i' and cross every 't,' and we're keeping everyone informed through the process," Korthals said. "We're not looking for grants or anything like that. It's all privately funded."
    The project is likely to add fivehourly-wage employees to handle operations of the kiln and create another three to five salaried positions at the plant.
    Gov. Jim Doyle said by streamlining the permitting process in Wisconsin, CLM will have a more predictable process to work through.
    "We're not ready to talk about permits yet," he said, but noted the company's commitment is vital to Wisconsin.
    "It's a really important step forward," Doyle said. The $36 million private investment demonstrates that the company is going to remain a part of the state's economy for a lengthy period, he said.
    Mayor Dave Ross said he toured CLM's facility two weeks ago and it was "an eye-opener."
    "Here we have a major industry, right here in our community, that employs a good number of people at significantly high-paying jobs," he said. "They're a huge contributor, not only to our tax base, but to providing quality jobs right here in the city of Superior. Then to hear they're taking on a $35-plus million expansion right here in Superior and increasing employment here was pretty exciting to hear."
    Cutler-Magner has been a mainstay on Duluth's waterfront since the 1880s.
    CLM has been Superior since 1947.
    "The area is a perfect area for us," Korthals said, citing excellent transportation access through the port. "We can bring our raw materials in large volumes, which keeps our costs down, which means we can pass that savings down to our customers."
    In addition, Korthals credited the "fantastic work ethic" of employees.
    "Many of the places you go, you just don't capture the quality of employees we have.... For our company, this is just a very, very good fit," he said.
     
    ************************************






    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


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    #1802 From: Paul Moulton <PaulMoulton@...>
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 7:33 am
    Subject: [Fwd: Florida PIRG : Senate votes to drill our coasts--take action now!]
    paulcmoulton
    Send Email Send Email
     
    -------- Original Message --------
    Last week, despite hundreds of calls and thousands of petition signatures,
    the U.S. Senate passed legislation to allow oil and gas drilling in over
    eight million acres in the Gulf of Mexico.
    
    Congress now must resolve differences between the House-passed and
    Senate-passed off-shore drilling bills before final passage. With Congress
    in recess until September, we have one month to mobilize enough grassroots
    support to block this attack on our beaches.
    
    So far over 5,400 people have signed the Save Our Shores petition. To hit
    our goal of 10,000 petition-signers by the end of August, we need you to
    sign the petition and then ask your friends to sign as well.
    
    Here's the petition text:
    "Our beaches are beautiful places visited by millions of tourists each
    year. Oil and gas drilling would bring oil spills, air pollution, and toxic
    waste. Please protect our beaches by opposing any legislation that allows
    new drilling off our coasts. We can get far more energy through efficiency
    and clean, renewable energy sources than we will ever get from drilling."
    
    Click here to sign the petition:
    
    http://floridapirg.org/FL.asp?id=1688&id4=ES
    
    
    BACKGROUND:
    
    Our beaches and marine waters are destinations for thousands of vacationing
    families each year, sanctuary for fish and wildlife and a critical part of
    Florida's natural heritage. They are the economic lifeblood for thousands
    of communities, providing billions of dollars of economic activity and
    millions of jobs.
    
    Oil and gas drilling would ruin our coasts and beaches. From 1990-1999, 1.8
    million gallons of oil were spilled from offshore drilling platforms and
    pipelines in U.S. waters--an average of almost 500 gallons a day.
    
    Additionally, each offshore operation produces 214,000 pounds of air
    pollutants each year, and tens of thousands of pounds of mercury have been
    dumped around Gulf oil rigs.
    
    There are cheaper, cleaner, faster, and longer-term energy solutions like
    efficiency and renewables that will start saving consumers and businesses
    money today and protect our coastal waters, beaches, and economy.
    
    Adopting both energy efficiency and renewable energy programs would
    decrease natural gas prices by $2.05 per million cubic feet, or 37%, in the
    first year.
    
    Meanwhile, offshore oil and gas would typically not be available for at
    least seven years. But we can immediately start saving money and energy by
    increasing the efficiency of our cars, appliances and buildings, and
    growing the amount of energy we generate from renewable energy sources like
    wind and solar power.
    
    Unfortunately, On Thursday, June 29, the U.S. House of Representatives
    voted 232-187 to repeal the 25-year ban on new off-shore drilling and bring
    new drilling and spilling to our coasts.
    
    Congress now must resolve differences between the House-passed and
    Senate-passed off-shore drilling bills before final passage.  Please sign
    the Save Our Shores petition calling on Florida's senators to protect our
    coasts from off-shore drilling.
    
    Petition text:
    
    "Our beaches are beautiful places visited by millions of tourists each
    year. Oil and gas drilling would bring oil spills, air pollution, and toxic
    waste. Please protect our beaches by opposing any legislation that allows
    new drilling off our coasts. We can get far more energy through efficiency
    and clean, renewable energy sources than we will ever get from drilling."
    
    Click here to sign the petition:
    
    http://floridapirg.org/FL.asp?id=1688&id4=ES
    
    Sincerely,
    
    Mark Ferrulo
    Florida PIRG Director
    MarkF@...
    http://www.FloridaPIRG.org
    
    P.S.  Thanks again for your support.  Please feel free to share this e-mail
    with your family and friends.

    #1803 From: SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents@yahoogroups.com
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 4:00 pm
    Subject: Taylor County Development Authority meeting, 8/14/2006, 12:00 pm
    SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents@yahoogroups.com
    Send Email Send Email
     
    Reminder from:   SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents's Calendar
    Title:   Taylor County Development Authority meeting
    Date:   Monday August 14, 2006
    Time:   12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
    Repeats:   This event repeats on the second Monday of every month, until Tuesday July 17, 2007.
    Location:   Chamber of Commerce building
    Phone:   Diane 584 4329
    Copyright © 2006  Yahoo! Inc. All Rights Reserved | Terms of Service | Privacy Policy

    #1804 From: "H Saive" <Mail@...>
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 6:42 pm
    Subject: Scientific Consensus on Global Warming
    hsaive
    Send Email Send Email
     

    Scientific Consensus on Global Warming

    CLICK HERE - Complete Text (PDF) and Printable Pamphlet

     

     

    Joint science academies’ statement: Global response to climate change

     

    Eleven countries examined the scientific evidence and agree that:

     

    Climate Change is Real This statement concentrates on climate change associated with global warming. We use the UNFCCC definition of climate change, which is ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’

     

    We Must Reduce the Causes of Climate Change:  The scientific understanding of climate change is nowsufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action. It is vital that all nations identify cost-effective steps that they can take now, to contribute to substantial and long-term reduction in net global greenhouse gas emissions.

     

    Prepare for the consequences of climate change :  Major parts of the climate system respond slowly to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Even if greenhouse gas emissions were stabilised instantly at today’s levels, the climate would still continue to change as it adapts to the increased emission of recent decades. Further changes in climate are therefore unavoidable.  Nations must prepare for them.

     

     

    Conclusions and Recommendations:  

    • Acknowledge that the threat of climate change is clear and increasing.

    • G8 nations have been responsible for much of the past greenhouse gas emissions and are committed to showing leadership in addressing climate change and assisting developing nations to meet the challenges of adaptation and mitigation.

    • The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof’.

      


        Countries  that endorsed these findings and recommendations:

        BRAZIL - Academia Brasiliera de Ciências

    CANADA - Royal Society of Canada

     

    CHINA - Chinese Academy of Sciences,

     

    FRANCE -  Academié des Sciences,

     

    GERMANY - Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina

     

    INDIA - Indian National Science Academy

     

    ITALY - Accademia dei Lincei

     

    JAPAN -  Science Council of Japan

     

    RUSSIA - Russian Academy of Sciences

     

    UNITED KINGDOM - Royal Society

     

    USA - National Academy of Sciences

     

     

    Attachment: vcard [not shown]

    #1805 From: Joy Ezell <hopeforcleanwater@...>
    Date: Sun Aug 13, 2006 8:07 pm
    Subject: Rachel’s Environment & Health News #813 -- Try This at Home, Part 2: Deconstructing "Reform"
    hopeforclean...
    Send Email Send Email
     
     
    Rachel’s Environment & Health News
    #813 -- Try This at Home, Part 2
    March 17, 2005
    (Published April 14, 2005)
    By Jane Anne Morris*
     
    Deconstructing "Reform"
     
    In a world where "corporations" can break laws, they can also get permits. Most corporate harms to democracy (like other corporate harms -- to human rights, the environment, and so on) are perfectly legal, because corporations have "permits" to conceal, oppress, and pollute, all courtesy of our supposedly democratic government. This is because many corporate powers, privileges, and even "rights" rode into town as drivers and stowaways on the "reform" bandwagon. Often, the "reform" is just another chip off the block of people's sovereignty. For instance, the biggest boost corporate campaign contributions ever got came from the so-called campaign reform bills of the post-Nixon era, which invented and legalized political action committees (PACs). This legalization of corporate interference with democracy replaced laws like this 1905 Wisconsin law:
    "No corporation doing business in this state shall pay or contribute, or offer, consent or agree to pay or contribute, directly or indirectly, any money, property, free service of its officers or employees or thing of value to any political party, organization, committee or individual for any political purpose whatsoever, or for the purpose of influencing legislation of any kind, or to promote or defeat the candidacy of any person for nomination, appointment or election to any political office."
    State legislators in Wisconsin, under constant pressure from corporate lawyers, weakened this law, and then national legislators preempted it by legalizing PACs. Yet, when in the 1970s legislators tossed this shovelful of sovereignty onto the corporate slag heap, the event was commemorated in the democracy theme park's "Reform" gallery.
    Regulatory agencies have always been part of the corporate elite's "War on Democracy," masquerading as reform. State legislatures were never models for direct democracy, but for a long time they remembered that corporations were only their creations, to remain subordinate and follow precise operating instructions.[1] If corporate officers disobeyed, state legislatures simply voted to eject the corporation (if it was from another state) or dismantle it and take over the assets (if it was from the home state). Historically, regulatory agencies were designed by corporate lawyers to protect large corporations against public uproar, upstart competitors, and too- democratic state legislatures. They still do all that, plus provide years of character-building experience for those entrapped in their procedural mazes. After more than a century of failing to "rein in" corporations, they are still among the biggest attractions in the democracy theme park.
    Antitrust laws provide another example of the "reforms" that shelved indirect democratic control of corporations and replaced it with feeble regulations. Until the 1880s, all states prohibited "corporations" from owning stock in other corporations. Most discussions of antitrust are superfluous and unnecessary when such prohibitions are in place. Under pressure from powerful corporate executives, state legislators removed these laws from the books, so that by the early twentieth century none remained.
    Demanding transparency from government and its agencies is basic to self-governing. If you don't know what your government is doing, you don't live in a democracy. Current law requires corporate officers to reveal very little about their operations to the public, despite the fact that corporations are brought into existence through corporate charters granted by state legislatures. Disclosure laws that fall short of transparency are not "reforms," they are obfuscations. From its first year of statehood, Wisconsin required that all vaults, books, safes, books, and documents that pertained to a corporation's affairs and condition be open for inspection by the state that created it. Laws like this were typical and stayed on the books well into the twentieth century when people started believing that the abstract legal fiction of the corporation had "rights." Today, no proposed "reform" comes even close to the degree of disclosure once taken for granted.
    The idea that a corporation can be "bad" leads quickly to the "reform" idea that it must be "punished." The mirage that corporations can be punished works against democracy by deflecting sanctions away from a controlling elite. The recent tobacco settlement is a case in point. For decades tobacco corporation executives.and their predecessors made billions of dollars in profits by knowingly marketing an addictive carcinogen as a fashion accessory. Not a penny of the over $200 billion in fines will be paid by corporate executives, the decision makers of the corporation. Instead, that money will come from the usual places: workers (through lower wages and benefits), stockholders (lower dividends and stock prices), the general public (through health care and other externalized costs) and consumers -- people still purchasing "nicotine delivery systems." Tobacco corporations even got legal immunity from some future liability in the agreement. The executives admitted no wrongdoing. Taking the product off the market is nowhere in sight. Life is good for corporation executives. They got a little bad publicity for a while, but nothing that a few name changes, some shifting of assets among corporate parents and subsidiaries, and slick advertisements can't fix.
    The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concept was invented by corporate executives in the 1930s to offer up as a "reform" to head off calls for democratic control. It has enabled corporate executives to frame the public debate around a few voluntary, temporary pacification measures instead of fundamental democratic change. The recent Enron Corporation collapse and subsequent high-profile accounting scandals inspired many prominent CEOs to go on tour
    ululating over the joys of "corporate citizenship." Even the CEO of CEOs, President G.W. Bush, stood in front of "Corporate Responsibility" wallpaper and positively swooned about corporate ethics. Democratic control of corporations is not mentioned in these performances. Voluntary codes of conduct -- a subset of CSR -- mirror the Panopticon system, with citizens in the cell blocks. Corporate executives who have persistently failed to follow mandatory codes of conduct (i.e., laws) promise to try to follow voluntary standards. Shielded by the guard tower (the legal fiction of the corporation), their actions are disclosed only when they choose. Voluntary codes of conduct are like laws, but without enforceable disclosure, monitoring, or performance provisions. As with other CSR measures, any corporate costs are tax deductible, either as business expenses or as donations.
    While reducing the corporation's tax bill (if there is one) and the government's tax revenues, CSR bypasses the public process that in a democracy would determine how taxes are spent. CSR gives "the corporation" a good reputation, garners praise from communities, reduces corporate taxes, depletes the government's resources, bypasses the democratic process, and puts a handful of corporate executives in the position of making what are essentially policy decisions for the general public. After every labor struggle, depression, and social upheaval (like the "chain store wars" of the 1930s), there's an injection of "corporate social responsibility." At the end of the twentieth century, the brouhaha surrounding the World Trade Organization (WTO) precipitated another round of CSR pronouncements. Each of these "reforms" made society less democratic and moved the locus of control further away from the people. Corporate lawyers working on behalf of the legal fiction of The Corporation use human constitutional rights to frustrate the people's will and further degrade our democracy. In a nutshell, the fruits of people's struggles are used by corporate lawyers to protect corporations against the will of the people. What better staging area from which to direct a "War on Democracy" than the hallowed grounds of the U.S. Constitution? Just as the "War on Drugs" camouflages the corporate resource grab in Colombia, the rhetoric of "rights" masks the corporate takeover of the Constitution. Abolitionists struggled to end slavery and pass the Fourteenth Amendment, including the equal protection clause. But since 1886, corporate lawyers have successfully claimed -- through "corporate personhood" -- that laws that "discriminate" against their corporations are unconstitutional under this clause. Laws specifically intended to discriminate against harms (toxic garbage, sweatshop-made clothing) are routinely declared unconstitutional. Historically, the equal protection clause has mostly been used to protect corporations against laws, not to protect human beings against discrimination. At best, African Americans and women have benefited from equal protection "lite," while corporations continue to reap the benefits of the full- strength version.
    Corporate lawyers use the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment on behalf of "corporate persons" to support numerous appeals of laws and regulations. Claiming that a corporation's due process rights have been abridged, they demand appeals and rehearings and other procedures that were intended to protect the human and civil rights of human beings. Fourteenth Amendment "personhood" has functioned as a constitutional gateway for the granting of other "rights" to corporate persons. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed after much struggle and loss of life, was used by a transnational telecommunications corporation to sue a local government for monetary damages after it denied the corporation a desired cell tower site. Corporate lawyers argued that government action had violated the corporation's civil rights. Yet instances of racial profiling, police brutality, DWB ("Driving While Black") and other forms of discrimination provide daily reminders that civil rights for human beings are far from guaranteed.
    The First Amendment doesn't work so well for human beings wanting to exercise free speech rights to talk about unions at their workplaces, or leaflet at a shopping mall. But it has worked very well for corporations seeking to escape product labeling laws (like the Vermont rBGH case) and evade already weak campaign finance laws. Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures often fail to keep the authorities out of your apartment, your car, or your personal records. But corporate lawyers have used that same Fourth Amendment on behalf of corporate "persons" to keep OSHA (the Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and the EPA (the Environmental Protection Agency) from making meaningful inspections of corporate facilities, and to prevent other government agencies from seeing corporate records. This betrayal of centuries of people's struggles is woven deep in the fabric of U.S. law. It constitutes the ground rules.
    In the corporate view, to ban chain stores is to deny corporate rights to equal protection before the law. To hold corporations to legislative standards is to deny them due process. To require labels on food is to violate corporate First Amendment rights. Meaningful inspection of factories is a violation of corporate Fourth Amendment rights. If all this is really unconstitutional, then we need to take another look at the Constitution. If it's judges bending over backwards to justify procorporate decisions, then we need to see about the judges. But either way, if it's unquestioned, it will continue to run the underground machinery behind the democracy theme park, while people outside wait in line for the rides. We don't hear much about any of this, in these terms, because news media corporations report it as "reform" and "defense of constitutional rights." Then it fits effortlessly into the democracy theme park. Every minute we don't challenge it, we reinforce it.
    Try This at Home
    I would like to invite Ambassador Patterson out from among the mummies in the renovated Panopticon to the rolling hills of Pennsylvania. We should invite Sally, too. In Pennsylvania, people decided to fight against the "War on Democracy" on their own turf by doing the most basic thing a self-governing people can do: protect their communities against poisons and assassins. People in a number of townships decided that corporate hog farms are a threat to their well-being and passed laws banning them. Working with Tom Linzey of CELDF (Community Environmental
    Legal Defense Fund), they passed a series of ordinances that is driving corporate lawyers hog-wild. http://www.celdf.org
    Walk into a roomful of lawyers and say you want to pass a law banning corporate hog farms, and before you draw your next breath they will have ticked off half a dozen reasons why that would be "unconstitutional." Current corporate ground rules, if followed, frustrate efforts at democratic local control. But instead of backing down when corporate lawyers say their laws are "unconstitutional," the Pennsylvanians are insisting on their democratic rights. They're basing their resistance on the earthshaking notion that they are a self-governing people, that corporations don't have the constitutional "right" to force them to allow their communities to be destroyed. By not backing down, by this seemingly simple act -- passing a local law that addresses a community concern -- these Pennsylvanians are challenging the whole pantheon of corporate law that the ground rules are based on. Any straightforward, commonsensical measure will have the same effect. Ban chain stores. Ban radioactive waste shipments. Require that all waste be recycled. Ban genetically modified organisms. All set up challenges to the same handful of ground rules that keep us from controlling the most basic aspects of our daily lives.
    The sameness of these ground rules presents an opportunity. Once we get past the parts-per-million or cents-per-hour of our particular issues, we're up against the same lame corporate ground rules. If Sally fights the ground rules that she comes up against on her issues, and the Pennsylvanians fight the ground rules that corporate lawyers throw at them -- sooner or later it becomes apparent that, while each is working on local issues and corporations, we're all organizing to oppose the same half a dozen or so ground rules. Even without going to meetings, our efforts will be cumulative and synergistic. Ambassador Patterson's job description would change, too. Right now, our states are chartering the corporations that are pillaging Colombia. U.S. consumers are buying products that come from Colombia. U.S. taxpayers are paying for the military occupation of Colombia. The roots of corporate power outside of the United States, and the U.S. government's massive and often violent support of it, lie in the lack of direct local democracy at home. If we end the "War on Democracy" here in the United States, we won't be exporting it to our neighbors.
    The Berlin Wall was taken down in 1989 by ordinary people, not by a specialized task force. It did not come down because of fancy legal arguments or because people were yelling at it. It came down because no one at any position in the hierarchy on either side of the wall could take it seriously. It was the last ride in a theme park that no one believed in any more. It was taken apart with joy, by people who were suddenly asking themselves, why did we wait this long? When we feel that way about the democracy theme park and corporate power, and can all cackle together at the silliness of a "corporation" having constitutional rights, they will come down too.
    ===================
    * Jane Anne Morris is a corporate anthropologist who lives in Madison, Wisconsin. She is the author of Not in My Backyard: The Handbook, available at America's biggest unionized book store, Powell's (http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-0962494577-3), and she is a member of POCLAD, the program on Corporations, Law and Democracy (http://www.poclad.org/ ). Some of her work has appeared previously in Rachel's (#488, #489, #502, #806, and #812), available at http://www.rachel.org . This essay originally appeared in David Solnit, editor, Globalize Liberation (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2004, pgs. 73-86.
    [1] Despite the high-minded rhetoric generated by some of the early colonists and "founders," the European occupation of North America has never had a "golden age," either of sustainability or of democracy. Still, there are many amazing examples (most from before the Civil War when a few privileged white males ran the show) where it is clear that "corporations" were regarded as subordinate entities clearly subservient to the government of the time.
    I am not advocating going "back" to a nonexistent time when we supposedly had a democracy in the United States. But some of the laws passed by corrupt state legislatures, especially before the late nineteenth century, are downright bold and wildly democratic in comparison to what passes as "reform" today in the early-twenty-first century
    Rachel’s Environment & Health News
    is a publication of the Environmental Research Foundation (ERF), Peter Montague, editor. Contact ERF at P.O. Box 160, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0160; Phone: (732) 828-9995; Fax (732) 791-4603; E-mail: erf@...; http://www.rachel.org. Unless otherwise indicated, Rachel’s is written by Peter Montague.
     
    The paper edition of Rachel’s is printed on 50% kenaf, 50% post-consumer wastepaper (processed chlorine free). Rachel’s Environment & Health News is uncopyrighted.
     
    ********************************************************
     


    From:
    Joy Towles Ezell
    hopeforcleanwater@...
    hope@...
    850 584 7087
    "We are the ones we have been waiting for".

    HOPE (Help Our Polluted Environment) In Taylor County, FL:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/HopeForCleanWater/

    TRUE - Taylor Residents United for the Environment:
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/SaveTaylorCountyFloridaResidents/

    Environmental Alliance of North Florida - EANoF (Enough!)
    http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/EANoF/

    "Industry domination of the Taylor County Commission is the end of democracy."

    The people, united, can never be defeated.


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