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#5283 From: Pritish Shah <pritish@...>
Date: Mon Jan 31, 2005 6:59 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Jainism
pritish
Send Email Send Email
 
Luiz,
 
That is a wonderful question. It leads to a lot of answers also.
 
We have been schooled in modern days to believe that any "fact" needs to have proof and that without proof, that fact is not true. It is just that sometimes we have not figured out how to prove the fact but that does not mean that the fact does not exist. Take the black hole as an instance. There is no direct proof that it exists but still we have other circumstancial evidence that the black hole does exist.
 
Why am I bringing that up?
 
Fact: Bhagwan Mahavir was "Supremely Enlightened" or omniscient.
Proof: Even without having any kind of device, he was able to tell that there are "vayukayas" and that the universe is extremely huge, that molecules are formed by atoms and the atoms are formed by other smaller things.
Question: If he was not omniscient, then how did he know. Thus he must have been omniscient.
 
We can never have direct evidence that Bhagwan Mahavir was omniscient but we definately have circumstancial evidence that he was absolutely enlightened -- how else would he know about things that any normal human would not know anything about.
 
Regarding Vayukayas, I would classify them as airborne germs. There are also waterborne germs, fireborne germs, earthborne germs and most of the plants.
 
Airborne germs can definately enter your mouth as you open and close your mouth or breath from it.
 
Hope it helps,
Pritish
 
 

Dear Gentlemen

I admire and respect Jainism a lot. I am Luiz I have some doubts:

1) How did Lord Mahaver discovered the existence of vayukayas?If we don´t get to
see the vayukayas.

2)Can vayukayas enter into the mouth?

sincerely

luiz
___________________________________________________________________________________
Para os países que você mais liga, a Embratel é sempre a sua melhor opção.
Ligue 00 + 21 + código do país + número do telefone

www.embratel.com.br






JainNet http://www.jainnet.com - Comprehensive Resource on Jainism.



#5284 From: luizmtr@...
Date: Thu Feb 3, 2005 4:39 am
Subject: Re: [JainList] Jainism
luizmtr@...
Send Email Send Email
 
Dear Mr. Pritish Shah

Thank you very much for your excellent explanation. Excuse me but my englis is
poor, please see if meu think is correct:

when a person speaks,this person doesn´t speak direct (non-stop),this person
speaks,stop and so continue to speak,when this person stop( close the mouth)and
next to speak(open the mouth),so in this intervale i.e. when the mouth close and
after open, can does the mouth inspires the air ? so , can vayukaya enter into
the mouth?

I admire and respect the life monastic Sthanakwasi?Do you know any Monk
Sthanakwasi?

Sincerely

luiz
________________________________________________________________________________\
___
Nas ligações internacionais, do fixo ou do celular, a Embratel é sempre
a sua melhor opção

www.embratel.com.br

#5285 From: "Hitesh Mehta" <hitesh@...>
Date: Thu Feb 3, 2005 5:48 pm
Subject: Fw: Welcome to jainlist-introduction by new member
hiteshmehta99
Send Email Send Email
 
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Sunday, January 30, 2005 10:41 AM
Subject: Re: Welcome to jainlist


My name is Tejas, I am a Jain living in NJ, USA. I want to learn more
about the philosophies of jainism as my knowledge of jainism is
limited (being that i was born and raised in the usa) particularly i
have a question about the 'jain cycles of life' and how it says we are
in the 5th time era and that noboday will be enlightened fo another
80,000 years. i would like someone who knows more about the 'cycle' to
explain it. i look forward to any response.

thanks,
Tejas



#5286 From: "Hitesh Mehta" <hitesh@...>
Date: Thu Feb 3, 2005 5:48 pm
Subject: one more new members' introduction
hiteshmehta99
Send Email Send Email
 
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Saturday, January 29, 2005 2:42 PM
Subject: Re: Welcome to jainlist

Jai Jinendra,

Myself Pinkesh Shah residing at Goregaon (W), Mumbai.
Its very heartening to have our religious site & to top up is Jain discussion forum group.
I m working as a Lab. Assistent in College.
I like to read about religion but am specific to certain things like knowing about the history of our god, what to eat & what not to eat, what r the things that v shd not do 2 avoid from doing sin, how 2 pray to god i.e., liie while entering in the temple v shd say "Namo Ji Na Nam",.

Send us the details about our religion via mail.

Regard's,


Pinkesh Shah
Cell No. : 98190 32161
Mumbai


#5287 From: "Tarun Lalwani" <lalwanitarun@...>
Date: Mon Jan 31, 2005 4:03 pm
Subject: RE: [JainList] Jainism Goal?
lalwanitarun
Send Email Send Email
 

Dear ken,

Goal of life according to Jain dharma is to attain kevala (liberation)

Tarun Lalwani

>From: silex@...
>Reply-To: jainlist@yahoogroups.com
>To: jainlist@yahoogroups.com
>Subject: [JainList] Jainism Goal?
>Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2005 16:20:57 -0500 (EST)
>
>
>What is the Goal of jainism? Buddhisms goal is to end all suffering..
>Christianity is to be saved from Gods Wrath..
>
>Is there a Intro to Jainism book?
>
>Ken
>
>
>
>


Redefine team work. Discover your true potential. With the MS product suite.

#5288 From: MANISH MODI <manish.modi@...>
Date: Thu Feb 3, 2005 2:29 pm
Subject: JAINA UDDHARANA KOSHA Vol. 1 / K.K. Jain
manish.modi@...
Send Email Send Email
 
mokshamargasya netaram bhettaram karmabhubhrtam
        jñataram vishvatattvanam vande tadgunalabdhaye

Jaya Jinendra

JAIN UDDHARANA KOSHA Vol. 1
(A Collection of the Citations in Prakrit and Sanskrit
as found in the Jain texts, commentaries and the like)
Comp., Ed., Intro., Bibliog.., Variants, Indices, etc.
By Dr. Kamalesh Kumar Jain
Foreword by Prof. S.R. Banerjee
B.L.I.I. Series no. 16
2003    250 x 190 mm    621 pages
81 208 1980 2    Hardcover

"The value of this Kosh is indeed, incomparable. It has manifold
purposes. First of all, these quotations inform us (about) the type
of non-Jaina texts that were utilised by the Jains. In order to build
an edifice of Jaina thought and ideas, these quotations will help to
record the development of Jaina philosophical ideas and concepts.

It is from the citations used by Jain commentators that we can
glean the history and scope of the role that Jains played in the
development of Indian epistemological thought.

Jainism is one of the major three religions of India. It has made
manifold contributions to Indian culture, ethics and spirituality.
Jains have played an active role in shaping India's astrology,
astronomy, mathematics, linguistics, literature and languages.

Jaina philosophical treatises come to the forefront with
Kundakunda's pioneering and unmatched Prabhrta works in
Prakrit, and Vacaka Umasvati's magnum opus, the
Tattvarthasutra in Sanskrit.

Jaina literature is vast. Thousands of works on every topic under
the sun. Many of these works have been lost with the passage of
time. Only their essence remains preserved in the form of citations
or Uddharanas. These Uddharanas, all in Sanskrit or Prakrit, have
been divided into three time phases.

1. Volume One will cover all those from 4 CE to 9 CE
2. Volume Two will cover all those from 10 CE to 13 CE
3. Volume Three will cover all those from 14 CE to 19 CE

The present Volume covers all Prakrit and Sanskrit Uddharanas
from 4 CE and earlier, to 9 CE.

The volume has been painstakingly edited by the diligent scholar
Dr. Kamalesh Kumar Jain in nine years. It has been dedicated to:

                  "The Sacred Memory of

P A N D I T   N A T H U R A M   P R E M I

A Renowned Scholar of Jaina Literature and History"

It could not have been dedicated to a more deserving person.

|| sarvatra shubhamastu ||
    Manish

HINDI GRANTH KARYALAY
Booksellers and Publishers
9, Hirabaug, C.P. Tank, Mumbai 400004 INDIA
Phones: +91 22 20622600 / 23826739
E-mail: manish.modi@...
Web: www.hindibooks.8m.com

To order books please write to <manish.modi@...>

Want to know about the latest publications in Jainism, Sanskrit
and ancient Indian wisdom?
Please click on http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JainandIndology/
Else, send an email to <JainandIndology-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>

Want to know about the latest publications in Hindi and Urdu literature?
Please click on  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Hindibooks/
Else, send an email to <Hindibooks-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>

#5289 From: "Rodney Ohebsion" <relentless999@...>
Date: Tue Feb 1, 2005 12:08 am
Subject: RE: [JainList] Jainism Goal?
theultimate999
Send Email Send Email
 
From what I know, the goal of the Jaina dharma is to conquer yourself,
purify your soul, and be liberated from karmas--which in Jainism are actual
physical substance (impercievable from the senses) from beginngless time
that get mixed with a soul and casue it to be in bondage.

>From: silex@...
>Reply-To: jainlist@yahoogroups.com
>To: jainlist@yahoogroups.com
>Subject: [JainList] Jainism Goal?
>Date: Sun, 30 Jan 2005 16:20:57 -0500 (EST)
>
>
>What is the Goal of jainism? Buddhisms goal is to end all suffering..
>Christianity is to be saved from Gods Wrath..
>
>Is there a Intro to Jainism book?
>
>Ken
>
>
>
>

#5290 From: "Tejas D. Kadia" <tkadia@...>
Date: Mon Jan 31, 2005 10:04 pm
Subject: life cycle question
tkadia@...
Send Email Send Email
 
I want to learn more
about the philosophies of jainism as my knowledge of jainism is
limited (being that i was born and raised in the usa) particularly i
have a question about the 'jain cycles of life' and how it says we are
in the 5th time era and that noboday will be enlightened fo another
80,000 years. i would like someone who knows more about the 'cycle' to
explain it. i look forward to any response.

thanks,
Tejas

#5291 From: MANISH MODI <manish.modi@...>
Date: Wed Feb 2, 2005 12:25 pm
Subject: THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE JAINS
manish.modi@...
Send Email Send Email
 
mokshamargasya netaram bhettaram karmabhubhrtam
        jñataram vishvatattvanam vande tadgunalabdhaye

Jaya Jinendra

THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE JAINS

This was the first systematic attempt in India to publish English
translations of the sacred and secular works of the Jains.
Eminent Indologist Dr. S.C. Ghoshal was the Series Editor.
The books were all published by Kumar Devendra Prasada,
at his Central Jaina Publishing House, Arrah (Bihar) from
1917 - 40.

Here are the eleven Volumes that were published:

Vol. 1 Dravya Sangraha / Nemicandra / ed. Ghoshal, S.C.
Vol. 2 Tattvarthadhigama Sutra / Umasvami / ed. Jaini, J.L.
Vol. 3 Pañcastikayasara / Kundakunda / ed. Chakravarti, A.
Vol. 4 Purusarthasiddhyupaya / Amrtacandra / ed. Prasada, Ajita
Vol. 5 Gommatasara Jivakanda / Nemicandra / ed. Jaini, J.L.
Vol. 6 Gommatasara Karmakanda - I / Nemicandra / ed. Jaini, J.L.
Vol. 7 Atmanusasana / Gunabhadra / ed. Jaini, J.L.
Vol. 8 Samayasara / Kundakunda / ed. Jaini, J.L.
Vol. 9 Niyamasara / Kundakunda / ed. Jain, U.S.
Vol.10 Gommatasara Karmakanda - II / Nemicandra / ed. Prasada, Sital
Vol.11 Pariksamukham / Manikyanandi / ed. Ghoshal, S.C.

The format followed in each of the books was :
1. the original text in Devanagari
2. the original text in Roman
3. Sanskrit chaya / anvayartha
4. original commentary & explanatory and critical notes accompanying
the text with cross references and copious footnotes all printed on the
same page, for ease of reading.

This was to ensure that scholars and laymen, Jains and non-Jains
could all read and study the important Jaina scriptures. In this way,
the fountainhead of Jaina wisdom could be made available to people
who were hitherto denied this opportunity owing to not knowing
Prakrit and Sanskrit.

With the exception of Volume 9, Niyamasara, all of the above have
been reprinted and are available for sale.

The details are as under:

DRAVYA SANGRAHA (Prakrit - English)
By Nemicandra
With DRAVYASANGRAHAVRTTI (Sanskrit)
By Brahmadeva
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by Dr. S.C. Ghoshal
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume One
First published 1917 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    230 x 160 mm    234 pp
81-7019-366-4    Hardcover

'Davvasangaho', or 'Dravya Sangraha' is preliminary work on Jaina
ontology. Hence, the first book that ought to be studied by the
student of Jainology. It consists of 58 aphorisms in Prakrit, that
illustrate the entire Jaina theory of substances.

The author, Nemicandra Siddhanta-Cakravarti is famed for his
lucid style, encompassing the whole of Jaina scriptures in his
brief but highly readable tracts.


TATTVARTHADHIGAMA SUTRA (Sanskrit - English)
By Umasvami
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by J.L. Jaini
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Two
First published 1920 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1991    215 x 140 mm    242 pp
81-7019-381-8    Hardcover

Umasvami's 'Tattavarthadhigamasutra' is one of the most valuable and
important books on Jainism. Besides being the first major Jain work
in Sanskrit, it is a work that sums up the Nirgrantha philosophy in a
nutshell. It is a seminal work, and it lays the framework for Jain
epistemology and ontology as well as sows the seeds of Jain logic.

Not surprisingly, it is considered the bible of Jainism, venerated and
fully accepted by all sects of Jainism.

The author, Umasvami has been claimed to be Digambara, Svetambara
and Yapaniya! He combines arthalaghava with sabdalaghava in this
scripture.


PANCASTIKAYASARA (Prakrit - Sanskrit - English)
By Kundakunda
With TATTVAPRADIPIKA (Sanskrit)
By Amrtacandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by Prof. A. Chakravarti
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Three
First published 1920 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
2001    245 x 185 mm    297 pp
81-263-0725-0    Hardcover

Pañcastikayasara, or the essence of reality, by Kundakunda is part of
his trilogy, known as the prahbrta-traya or the nataka-traya. In his
concise but comprehensive style, Kundakunda explains the Jaina
concepts of Ontology and Ethics. Jainism recognises the five asti kayas,
jiva (soul), pudgala (matter), dharma (medium of motion), adharma
(medium of rest), and akasa (space).

It is said that Kundakunda composed the Pañcastikayasara for
sankseparuci students. Hence, the work serves as a brief version of the
Jaina doctrine.

The Introduction by Prof. A. Chakravarti is highly erudite and deserving
of deep study.


PURUSARTHASIDDHYUPAYA (Sanskrit - English)
By Amrtacandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by Ajita Prasada
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Four
First published 1930 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    240 x 160 mm    100 pp
81-7019-381-8    Hardcover

This work by Amrtacandra is a succinct treatise on Ahimsa in all its
aspects. It establishes that all evil thoughts, words and deeds; all
immorality; every sin is covered under himsa. Even where there is
only bad intention; malice and ill will are not acted upon, the inherent
spiritual purity of the of the person who has entertained such thoughts
is sullied and hence himsa has been committed.

Himsa to others must be avoided. As himsa to oneself is undesirable,
the desire to cause himsa to another harms the soul and must be seen
as voluntarily causing injury to oneself; for which there is no
justification or extenuation.

In the words of the ed. Ajita Prasada, Purusarthasiddhyupaya is a
"treatise of high authority on ahimsa, the root-principle of Jainism."


GOMMATASARA JIVAKANDA (Prakrit - Sanskrit - English)
By Nemicandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by J.L. Jaini
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Five
First published 1927 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    245 x 160 mm    414 pp
81-7019-357-5    Hardcover

Gommatasara Jivakanda deals primarily with the soul. It is a
compilation of the answers given by Acarya Nemicandra Siddhanta
-Cakravarti to queries raised by King Chamunda Rai. In this,
Nemicandra explains in detail the ontology and epistemology of
Jainism, holding forth on topics such as the sub classes of the eight
types of karmas; and the co-relation between the gunasthanas of the
soul and the asrava, bandha, samvara and nirjara of karmas from the
souls of all living beings, right from the one-sensed living beings to the
five-sensed ones.

The answers are all sourced from the Satkhandagama and the
Kasayapahuda, and their famous Maharastri commentaries, the
Dhavala, Mahadhavala and the Jayadhavala. The major part of the
Gommatasara is based primarily on the Dhavala commentary by
Virasena and Jinasena.


GOMMATASARA KARMAKANDA - I (Prakrit - Sanskrit - English)
By Nemicandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by J.L. Jaini
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Six
First published 1927 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    225 x 145 mm    324 pp
81-7019-379-6    Hardcover


GOMMATASARA KARMAKANDA - II (Prakrit - Sanskrit - English)
By Nemicandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by Br. Sital Prasad
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Ten
First published 1937 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1991    225 x 145 mm    428 pp
81-7019-363-X    Hardcover

Gommatasara Karmakanda is a scientific look at the karma theory
of the Jains. It explains the consequences evil, of sin and their karmic
repercussions. It delves deeply into the philosophy of karmas, and
describes how karmas cause bondage and tie the soul into the cycle
of births and rebirths.

Being a religious work, it also shows the way to get rid of karmas,
and tells us that true knowledge and right conduct combined with
right motivations can lead to spiritual empowerment and freedom
from mortal shackles.


ATMANUSASANA (Sanskrit - English)
By Gunabhadra
Ed.; Tr. & Comm. in Eng. by J.L. Jaini
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Seven
First published 1928 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1991    240 x 160 mm    83 pp
Hardcover

Atmanusasana, as the title suggests, is a discourse to the soul. Acarya
Gunabhadra lived in the ninth century CE and wrote in Sanskrit. This
work focuses on Adhyatma, and has 270 slokas. The book addresses
the ascetics and serves as a great motivator and guide. It has such
priceless gems as:

arthino dhanamaprapya banina 'pyavitrptitah
kastam sarve'pi sidanti parameka munih sukhi

Atmanusasana, Sloka 65

The poor are unhappy for lack of wealth, the rich are unhappy for
lack of contentment. only the monk is truly happy.

The Jaina position on papas and punyas is explained thus:

pura sirasi dharyante puspani vibudhairapi
pascatpado'pi naspraksitkim na kuryadgunaksatih

Atmanusasana, Sloka 140

When fragrant, (while the stocks of punya last), the flowers are placed
by the celestials on their heads and bodies. Once the flowers lose
their freshness and fragrance (when the stock of punya is over), the
same flowers are thrown away. It is difficult to say all (the bad things)
that can result from the draining away of punyas.

The formula for permanent freedom from the vicissitudes caused by
papas and punyas, and the attainment of immortality:

jñanasvabhavah syadatma svabhavavaptiracyutih
tasmadacyutimakanksan bhavayejjñanabhavanam

Atmanusasana, Sloka 174

Knowledge is the true attribute of the soul. Knowledge is the svaguna
of the soul and hence indestructible and immortal. Hence, one who
desires immortality should concentrate upon and attain the knowledge
of the soul.


SAMAYASARA (Prakrit - Sanskrit - English)
By Kundakunda
With ATMAKHYATI (Sanskrit)
By Amrtacandra
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by J.L. Jaini
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Eight
First published 1930 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    245 x 165 mm    225 pp
81-7019-364-8    Hardcover

This work has immortalised Kundakunda's position in the pantheon
of Indian spiritual masters. Samayasara is to Jainism what the
Upanishads are to the Brahminical system. Samayasara, the essence
of the soul, is the last word in Jaina Adhyatma. This edition also has
the first ever Sanskrit Tika by the legendary Amrtacandra. The tika is
known for its high-flown language and elegant imagery. The English
commentary by Jaini adds meaning to the original work, and makes it
comprehensible to the common man.


PARIKSAMUKHAM (Sanskrit - English)
By Manikyanandi
With PRAMEYARATNAMALA (Sanskrit)
(A laghuvrtti on Pariksamukham)
By Anantavirya
Ed.; Intro.; Tr., Notes & Comm. in Eng. by Dr. S.C. Ghoshal
Sacred Books of the Jains Volume Eleven
First published 1940 by "The Central Jaina Publishing House"
1990    245 x 160 mm    346 pp
81-7019-365-6    Hardcover

Pariksamukham is at once lucid and perfectly organised work on Jaina
logic. It is a pioneering effort and a benchmark in the post Akalanka era.
Two major commentaries, Prabhacandra's Prameyakamalamartanda
and Anantavirya's Prameyaratnamala were written on this work. Even
Devasuri's Pramananayatattavlokalankara and its auto commentary
Syadvadaratnakara were largely based on the Pariksamukham.

Manikyanandi in his Pariksamukham closely follows the lead taken
by Akalanka. He defines pramana as apurva svaparavyavasayi jñana.

Manikyanandi has a mind of his own, and unlike his predecessors, he
places Agama under paroksa pramana. Writing in an increasingly
hostile age, when Jainism was coming under attack from all sides,
Manikyanandi added vyayasaya or niscaya to the Jaina definition of
pramana, in order to differentiate Jaina Nyaya from the Buddhist school
of logic.

Manikyanandi belonged to the Nandi Sangha of the Digambara order.
Pariksamukham has been described by commentator Anantavirya as
"Nyayavidyamrta". This is because Manikyanandi brings together Jaina
nyaya in its entirety and single-handedly formulates the "Jaina Nyaya
Sutras".

The Introduction by Dr. S.C. Ghoshal is scholarly and absorbing. It is
has a wealth of accurate, well-researched information.


|| sarvatra shubhamastu ||
    Manish

Web: www.hindibooks.8m.com

Want to know about the latest publications in Jainism, Sanskrit
and ancient Indian wisdom?
Please click on http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JainandIndology/
Else, send an email to <JainandIndology-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>

#5292 From: "Sudhir M. Shah" <sudhir@...>
Date: Fri Jan 28, 2005 4:06 am
Subject: Re: Ahimsa and Jainism - IV Query !
photosplus21
Send Email Send Email
 
Dear Chandreshbhai
You have a valid query. It is assumed that dairy products are essential
sauces of protein for non meat eating individuals. In fact, soy milk, and
other soy products are significantly better than dairy products. Ounce per
ounce, soy has more protein than even meat!. Spinach is a great source of
calcium, iron  as well as vitamin A. In fact, excess consumption of dairy
products leaches out calcium from the bones and make them brittle. In China
as well as in Singapore, the consumption of daity products is minimal. Most
children grow up without any dairy milk and are much healthier.  I have been
vegan for over five years now and I have not had any health issues what so
ever, not even a common cold (which used to be a chronic problem earlier)! I
don't have to worry about putting on weight. I initially lost about 15 lbs
and than the weight stabilized and has been maintained within 5 lb range
without any special effort. One added benefit - my hair which had started
turning gray has turned black again!
Information bellow is added for the benefit of the readers interested in
vegan diet, but have nutritional concerns.
Sources of Protein in a Vegan Diet
Whole grains (eg. whole wheat flour, bread and pasta, brown rice, oats,
rye), nuts (eg. hazels, cashews, brazils, almonds), seeds (sunflower,
sesame, pumpkin), legumes/pulses (peas, beans, lentils), soy products
(flour, soy milk, tofu, tempeh).

Sources of Carbohydrates in a Vegan Diet
Whole grains (e.g. wheat, oats, barley, rice), whole-wheat bread, pasta and
other flour products, lentils, beans, potatoes, dried and fresh fruit.

Sources of Fats/Oils in a Vegan Diet
Nuts and seeds, nut and seed oils, vegan margarine, avocados.

Sources of Essential Fatty Acids in a Vegan Diet
Two polyunsaturated fatty acids not made by the body are linoleic acid
(omega 6 group) and alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3 group).

Linoleic Acid
Safflower, sunflower, corn, evening primrose & soy oils.

Alpha-linolenic Acid
Flaxseed, pumpkin seed, walnut, soy & rapeseed (canola) oils.

Note: The correct balance for omega-6:omega-3 intake is roughly 3:1

Sources of Minerals in a Vegan Diet
Calcium for Vegans
Nuts, seeds, pulses (eg. soy beans, tofu, miso-fermented soybean curd,
haricot beans), molasses, carob, parsley, spinach, figs (dried), sea
vegetables, grains (eg. oatmeal), fortified soy milks.

Iron for Vegans
Nuts, seeds, pulses, grains, dried fruit, sea vegetables, parsley, spinach
and other green leafy vegetables, molasses, miso.

Zinc for Vegans
Wheatgerm, whole grains (whole wheat bread, rice, oats), nuts, pulses, tofu,
soy protein, miso, peas, parsley, bean sprouts (alfalfa).

Sources of Vitamins in a Vegan Diet
Vitamin A for Vegans
Carrots, spinach, pumpkins, tomatoes, dark greens, vegan margarines

Vitamin B for Vegans
Nuts, wholegrains, oats, muesli, pulses (peas, beans, lentils), yeast
extracts, green leafy vegetables, potatoes, mushrooms and dried fruit

Vitamin B12 for Vegans
B12 supplements, fortified yeast extracts, soy milks (eg Plamil), TVP
products, some breakfast cereals (eg. Nutri-Grain) - check labels. Seaweed
and fermented products (eg. tamari, miso and tempeh) may contain some B12
but they are not reliable sources.

Vitamin C for Vegans
Red and blackcurrants, berries, citrus fruits (e.g. oranges, lemons,
grapefruit), green vegetables, potatoes.

Vitamin D for Vegans
Action of sunlight on the skin, vitamin D-fortified foods like vegan
margarines, some soy milks (eg. Plamil) and supplements.

Vitamin E for Vegans
Nuts, seeds, whole grains and flours, vegetable oils

Folate for Vegans
Wheatgerm, raw/lightly-cooked green leafy vegetables (eg. broccoli,
spinach), yeast, yeast extracts, nuts, peas, green 'runner beans', oranges,
dates, avocados, whole grains.



---- Original Message -----
From: "Chandresh Shah" <reachchandresh@...>
To: <sudhir@...>
Sent: Tuesday, January 25, 2005 1:47 AM
Subject: Ahimsa and Jainism - IV Query !


> Hello Mr, Sudhir,
>
> Just to give you a Brife introduction i am Chandresh Shah and
> currently live in Muscat, Oman.
>
> It was quite intresting to see the insight you have on the Dairy
> Products, and also to see your perspective on the same in relation to
> our Jain way of Living.
>
> Just had a query as to how people might be compensating thier dietry
> requirments when not be consuming Milk Based Products, specially in
> the Contest that we do not also eat  any Meat/Egg related products.
>
> regards
> Chandresh
>
>

#5293 From: panks jain <pajarotouch@...>
Date: Fri Feb 4, 2005 9:17 am
Subject: on jainism goal ?
pajarotouch
Send Email Send Email
 
jai jinendra , jai mataji warms regards to all of you , i have superb powerpoint presentations on introduction to jainism would love to send it personally only to those who are seriously interested. I would be sharing lot on jainism to those intersted . Now hereby i am sharing by way of courtesy questions answers by the Bay Area Jain youths over last few years . Hope this will try to answer about is jainism in brief. Jainism - Questions Answers Introduction In which book, Jain philosophy is described? What is religion? Who created the world? Why Jain religion does not believe in the creator? What is Jainism? (Describe Jain religion for my non-Jain friends.) How old is the Jain religion? What is the proof of its existence in the past? What is nature and how does it relate to Jain religion What is the relationship between Hindu and Jain Religions? How does the theory of "First Chicken or Egg" fit in the Jain religion? Science has proved that there is a life in the plant. Then, how can we eat vegetables and fruits? Jains believe in the non-violence. Then, how can we take milk, butter, cheese etc.? What about the business of grocery, manufacturing plant etc.? Suppose you are in a desert, dying of hunger and see a dead animal, can you eat that meat to survive? At a grocery store you some meat, if you don't buy it, then someone else will buy and eat or it will decay. Can you buy this? I go to my friend's place, can I eat from the dish containing meat on one side? Why do I have to obey all these rules and regulations, when I don't know what will happen after the death? Why should I control myself rather than enjoying the life? Why can't we remember our past lives? What will happen if I remember the past lives? I cannot live in this modern day world without violating the five vows. What are your views? We say that human life is difficult to attain, but then why the population in the world is increasing? Is it because the good deeds are increasing? Why there are 108 beads in a rosary? If Sidhdhas are also liberated souls, then what is the difference between Sidhdhas and Tirthankars? I don't see difference between Acharya, Upadhyaya and Sadhus. They look same to me. Is that true? Why there are 24 Tirthankars, and not any other number? Why there is more history available of Rushabhdev, Shantinath, Mallinath, Neminath, Parasnath, and Mahavira Swami? How do we know the future 24 Tirthankars? What is the significance of Paryushana? Why do I have to pray everyday? Why do we worship Tirthankar's idol? Why do I have to worship Idol with sandal wood paste, flowers etc.? Why people take fruits, sweets etc. to the temple? Why do we need a worshipping place? Can't we do same thing in our own home? Why do we consider Swastika sign as good sign? Define the dreams according to Jain religion? What is the significance of the 14 dreams, which mother Trishala had? and why no less or more? According to Jain Geography, what is the shape of the universe? How does it fit in the modern-day science concept? When and under what circumstances different branches of Jain religion started? What are the different sects in Jainism? Why they can't Unite? References Introduction The following questions were asked by the Bay Area Jain youths over last few years. Per jain philosophy, there cannot be a perfect answer that can be given in words (spoken or written). The answers presented here are relative answers. There were, are and will be better answers to the answers presented here. Back to top --------------------------------- In which book, Jain philosophy is described? Jains are the people of books. For example, there are total of 45 canonical books (Jain Ägäms) according to the Swetamber-Murtipujak tradition. In addition there are numerous books that provide great details on Jain philosophy. If there is one book to be named for Jain philosophy, it would be "Tatvartha sutra" by Umaswati (also known as Umaswami). As a minimum, every Jain should have this book in their home and, should read and understand it. Back to top --------------------------------- What is religion? The Sanskrit word for the religion is dharma. The meaning of dharma is very own nature of the thing. For all living beings, our soul is the real thing. This makes "to see, to know and to realize" - the true nature of the soul as our religion. In other words, the laws of nature in truest and purest form are the religion. Laws of nature lead us to the laws of self-initiatives and self-efforts. Without self-efforts and self-initiatives, one cannot see, know and realize his/her own true qualities. That’s why Jainism relies a great deal on one's own efforts and initiatives, and laws of nature. Self-effort can change our fate. Our present fate is due to our past karma. Unlike other living beings, we, human beings, have reasoning mind and capacity to think rationally. We have curiosity. We want to live a peaceful, happy and simple life. Since the beginningless beginning, we curious human beings have been seeking answers to the questions such as: who am I? Who am I not? Who is God? Who made this universe? What is my relationship with the universe? What is my real nature? How can I achieve my own nature, my original self? How do I achieve permanent happiness? Right answers to these questions form the religion. Back to top --------------------------------- Who created the world? Why Jain religion does not believe in the creator? What is Jainism? (Describe Jain religion for my non-Jain friends.) We, Jains, believe that God did not create the universe. If God created this universe, who created that God ? Who created the creator? If the God has created the universe, he has to have a desire to create. The desire makes the God imperfect and he cannot be imperfect. If God carries out the task of creation and destruction without any purpose then it becomes a foolish game. If he had created the universe then he would have made all Jivas (souls) equally happy. But we have 87% of earth people of earth live in poverty and misery and only 13% people have some prosperity. Therefore, God must not be managing the affairs of the universe. Since God is omniscient, omnipotent, and devoid of desires, and passions, He could not be interested in the matters of universe. Some claim that all creatures are God's images and we are all parts of Him?" If so, then, we should all have unlimited bliss, perfect perception, perfect knowledge and perfect conduct like him. But it isn’t so. Therefore, we cannot be a part of the God or his images. If We accept that God created the earth, he manages the earth and he decides who gets what, then countless questions are raised and we do not have rationale answers to these questions. Therefore, it appeals to our commonsense that God did not create the universe. Per Jain beliefs, God has absolute knowledge. Therefore, he reveals the essential and real form of the universe. He revealed that the world is without a beginning and it has no end. The universe does undergo continuous change. Production and disposal are always going on. Behind this eternal process there does not exist anyone's planning or organization. The whole universe is a self-regulated. For living beings, his/her karma plays an important role. Karma is finest matter that our soul attracts based on our thought, speech and/or action. Bad karma pollutes the inherent qualities of the soul. The bondage and deliverance of each individual belong to himself or herself. The experience of happiness or sorrow belongs to each individual and the experience is his/her own. According to his/her past karma, his/her present fate is decided, and his/her future will be decided based on his/her presented the balance of past karma. Jains do believe in God. Our God is Jina. The word Jina literally means "the Victor" or "the Liberator". One who has freed himself/herself from the bondage of Karma by conquering räga (attachment - deceit and greed) dvesha (aversion - anger and ego). Lord Mahavira was the last reformer of Jainism. He should not be mistaken as the founder of Jainism. We had first tirthankara, Rushabha in the third segment of this Avasarpini (regressive) half cycle (millions and millions years ago). [Each time cycle has two half cycles, Utsarpini (progressive) and Avasarpini (regressive). There has been infinite time cycles before (beginningless beginning) and there will be infinite time cycles (without any end) in future. In each half cycle, Jainism is claimed to be existed.] The word tirth means ford (passage) and, therefore, tirthankar means builders of ford which leads us across the ocean of suffering. The remaining 23 tirthankaras the fourth segment of Avasarpini half cycle. At present, we are in the fifth segment of Avasarpini half cycle. The fundamental truths of Jainism were preached long before. Based on current research, many believe that that Jainism is one of the oldest religions of the world. The followers of Jina are called Jains. To day, there are about 6 million Jains in the world. Jains are also called shramanas (self-reliant) or nirganthas (who does not have attachments, aversions, desires and passions). The ultimate goal of Jainism is to rid of all karmas and attain the salvation (liberation - moksha). We attract the karmas because of attachment and aversion (räg dvesha). Therefore, the path of liberating our soul from attachment and aversion constitutes the philosophy of Jainism. We, Jains are unable to accept the concept of faith in "divine grace". When a living being eradicates all his/her karmas, he/she attains perfect knowledge, perfect perception, infinite amount of energy and permanent bliss. He/she becomes omniscient and omnipotent. Every living being has a potential to become God per the Jain religion. We, Jains rely a great deal on our own initiatives and efforts, for both - our worldly requirements and our salvation. We do not believe that there is a supernatural power who does favor to us if we please him. Jainism as explained by Jinas (Tirthankars) can stand scrutiny of reason. We do not have to believe in the things that do not appeal to our commonsense. We accept only those things that can be explained and reasoned. We are the master of our destiny. Jainism is known as the religion of Ahimsa (non-violence). In Jainism, "our beliefs in Ahimsa supersedes all concepts, ideologies, rules, customs and practices, traditional or modern, eastern or western, political or economical, self-centered or social" (quoted by Jain scholar Dr. Nat Mall Tatty, Jain Study Circular, January 1991). Ahimsa (non-violence), Anekantväd (multiplicity of views) and Aparigraha (non-possessiveness) are the cardinal principles (main requirements) of Jainism. Without Aparigraha one cannot practice complete Ahimsa. Similarly, without proper understanding and application of Anekantväd, one cannot completely be non-violent because the practice of Anekantväd stops the violence of thoughts and speech. Therefore, Anekantväd is an intelligent expression of the Ahimsa. Ahimsa is dependent on the practice of Aparigraha. If one refrains parigraha (possessiveness), he/she will be able to refrain from himsa. If you practice aparigraha (non-possessiveness), you will automatically practice ahimsa (non-violence). Non-violence in the center is guarded by truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy (or faithfulness to own spouse) and non-possessiveness. Back to top --------------------------------- How old is the Jain religion? What is the proof of its existence in the past? What is nature and how does it relate to Jain religion a) Histoians believe that Parshvanath and Mahavira were truly historical figures. The names of Rushabhdev and Neminath are mentioned in the Vedic canonical books. This makes Jainism as older as the Vedic religion, if not older. Similarly, the existence of Jainism is mentioned in the canonical books of the Budhdha religion. Historians also agree that the Jainism is a pre-historical religion. Recent archeological discoveries of Rushabhdev like figures substantiate the Jain religion’s existence since five thousand years. There are tens of thousands of years old caves that have paintings echo Jainism. There has been countless time-cycles in the past. During each half time cycles (trillions and trillions of years long), we have 24 Tirthankars. Therefore, the Jain religion has been preached by our Tirthankars during each half cycle. b) Extraordinary details on the practice "non-violence", the concept of six substances of the universe, nine realities and many similar things preached in Jainism do support, represent and substantiate the laws of nature and the laws of universal balance. The Jain religion and the laws of nature are synonymous. Therefore, our religion has been in existence since the laws of nature have been in existence. Therefore, Jains believe that the Jain religion has been in existence since the beginningless beginning (no beginning) and will have no end. Back to top --------------------------------- What is the relationship between Hindu and Jain Religions? Hindu and Jain, both religions are independent. It is a wrong belief that the Jain religion is derived from the Vedic religion. Because of the thousands of years of common history and parallel culture of Hindus and Jains, there are many similarities. Both religions preach that the "non-violence" constitutes the supreme religion. Hindus and Jains are not distinguishable when it comes to their attitude towards the life. It should be also noted that there are some distinct differences between these two religions. The concept of "non-violence" is much more detailed in Jainism. We, Jains do not believe that the universe was created. We believe that the universe is self-regulated. No one decides for us what should we get. We believe that we are the master of our own destiny. There is no divine power who decides for us. We believe all living beings are equal and all human beings are capable of achieving the salvation regardless of their race, cast, sex or color. We do not believe that the souls who have gone to moksha comeback to earth (take a rebirth) to save the world. Back to top --------------------------------- How does the theory of "First Chicken or Egg" fit in the Jain religion? We do not believe in any theory like "First Chicken or Egg." If we were created then we can be destroyed. But our soul is immortal. Therefore, we could not have been created. We Jains believe that our souls were in existence since the beginningless beginning (has no beginning) and will be in existence forever (has no end). There was no creation of the souls and will have no destruction of the souls. We only transit from one body to another body until we achieve the liberation. After the liberation, we still exist forever (but) in the pure soul form. Back to top --------------------------------- Science has proved that there is a life in the plant. Then, how can we eat vegetables and fruits? Jainism has said that there is a life in the plant much before the science has proved it. It is true that vegetables and fruits, both have lives. The ideal situation for a Jain would be to eat the ripe fruit that has just fallen off a tree. Vegetables and fruits are one-sensed living beings. One-sensed living beings have only "touch" sense. Their development of consciousness (knowledge) is significantly less than the higher (two, three, four and five)-sensed living beings like us, animals, birds, etc. For example, the level of knowledge of one-sensed living beings is only a very small fraction of one latter. It is impossible to live a life with absolute non-violence. We need to eat to survive and we need to earn to live as a "house-holder". But the basis of Jainism is "non-violence". Therefore, we must minimize the act of non-violence. Eating vegetables constitutes minimum act of violence because: 1) Animals have more life-force, called präna and more knowledge (purer -much more developed- consciousness) than the vegetables. Therefore, killing animals constitute the higher form of violence. 2) Many other living organisms reside in an animal body and they get multiplied in a dead body. 3) Vegetables have less living cells and more water content. 4) We do not kill the plant for vegetables. We take leaves, vegetables and fruits off the plants. By removing vegetables and fruits from a tree, we sometimes lengthen the life span of the tree. 5) Eating vegetables is healthier. 6) The anatomy (teeth, digestive system, tongue, etc.) of human beings is for eating vegetarian food. But, we must feel sad that we have to depend up on one-sensed food to survive. Back to top --------------------------------- Jains believe in the non-violence. Then, how can we take milk, butter, cheese etc.? What about the business of grocery, manufacturing plant etc.? a) We cannot eat meat of cow and then how can we consume cow’s milk? When we eat cow’s meat, we kill the cow. When we use cow’s milk, we do not kill the cow. But we must make sure the cow’s milk is extracted without causing any pain to it and the milk was in excess (we did not deprive the cow’s off-springs). If we do not remove the excess milk from cow, we may be doing more harm to it than help. When we use the butter and cheese, we should make sure that they (specially the cheese) do not contain any animal ingredients. Jainism considers that the use of milk and milk products, oil, etc., is not healthy for spiritual advancement. There are people in US who are called vegans. Vegans do not eat dairy products. b) We should choose a profession or a business that has minimum amount of violence. The Jain ägams recommend staying away from the trades that involve sufferings and killing of animals, affect our environment and ecology, and pollute or dry-up our natural resources. Trades that involve weapons and explosives, fire, cutting of trees, fermented products like liquor, animal parts like ivory, leather and fur; lard, meat and honey; poisonous and toxic substances, animal testing use and prostitution are recommended to stay away from. In addition, we should not buy stocks or invest in such businesses. Back to top --------------------------------- Suppose you are in a desert, dying of hunger and see a dead animal, can you eat that meat to survive? At a grocery store you some meat, if you don't buy it, then someone else will buy and eat or it will decay. Can you buy this? a) Dead animal contains very high number of the living organisms and their number keeps on multiplying as time passes. Most organisms have the same color as the meat’s. Therefore, eating meat of naturally dead animal does involve a higher form of violence. Secondly, you may still die even you eat the dead animal because it may contain deadly decease or your digestive system may not adjust to the meat-eating. It is true that the feelings and thoughts are prime factors in the act of violence. We have examples of Jain monks who died due to severe draught rather than eating meat or even drinking "live" water. As Jains believe that there is a life after death, then we should not worry about dying. One may argue that the human life is very difficult to attain. This is true. But the act of bad karma (päpa) like eating meat may lead to hell in the next life. Meat eating only when there is no other alternative is not acceptable per Jainism. If we practice the partial vows for house-holders, then we will be not be traveling to an unknown area. We will be limiting our travels to the familiar areas. We will also be limiting our activities to the essential needs. This kind of practice should avoid such a hypothetical situation. Jainism is more about prevention of wrong situations. b) This is fallacious since purchasing creates demand and encourages others to kill. Thus it is equivalent to oneself committing the deed. The 'neat' packaging of meat hides the pain that occurred before. It is unfortunate that packaging keeps scenes of slaughterhouses off the minds of the consumers. Mahavir Bhagwan said, "It is himsa (violence) - whether a man kills living beings himself/herself, or causes others to kill them, or gives consent to others to kill." Back to top --------------------------------- I go to my friend's place, can I eat from the dish containing meat on one side? The issue is not whether you eat from the dish containing meat one side. The real issue is how to avoid such a situation. You should let your friend know that you are a vegetarian and you do not eat meat. Your friend will understand and respect your belief (as all good friends including you do) and will not put you in a difficult situation by serving you a dish that contains meat. If he/she does, then he/she may not be your friend. Back to top --------------------------------- Why do I have to obey all these rules and regulations, when I don't know what will happen after the death? Why should I control myself rather than enjoying the life? There was a religion called Chärväka that did not believe in the doctrines of soul and karma. Their philosophy was to eat, spend and materially enjoy the life even you have to borrow. They claimed that no one knows whether there is a next life. It would be very shocking and worthless to live, if one believes that we are made of non-living substances and there is no substance like a living substance (soul). First of all, one practices the religion to attain the long-lasting happiness. The long-lasting happiness is achieved by shedding all miseries permanently. Enjoying the material world may bring temporary happiness. No one can attain a permanent happiness through material things. We know that money, power, name, etc. do not guarantee the happiness. How do we get rid of the miseries? The root cause of all our miseries is attachment and aversion. When we get what we want we feel happy (this is attachment) and we become unhappy when we do not get what we want (this is aversion). The rules and regulations (partial vows for house-holders) are designed to reduce our attachment and aversion. However, one should not be forced to practice that is not appealing to his/her commonsense. One should adopt the partial vows according to his/her own capacity, and then gradually progress from there. The religion is for guiding us to find the inner (permanent) happiness. The goal of the long-lasting happiness is not limited to only this life. We believe that we had lives in past and will have lives in future until we achieve the salvation (perfect happiness). Back to top --------------------------------- Why can't we remember our past lives? What will happen if I remember the past lives? Now, the next question is - how do we know that we had previous lives and/or we will have a next life? There are four ways to decide on the things like whether there were previous lives and/or there is a next life. These four ways are: 1) self-experience, 2) believe in the people who have experienced it or what is said in the Jain Ägäms (Canonical books). 3) by inference and 4) by analogy. In this fifth segment of the repressive half-time cycle, we do not have the people with self-experience. We have Jain Ägams that can be trusted. But in today’s world, one may ask for rationale reasons. The rationale reasoning has two major parts: 1) belief in the doctrine of soul and 2) belief in the doctrine of karma. The doctrine of soul can be supported by comparing a dead body and a living being. The differences between these two bodies are consciousness, feeling of bliss, energy, ability to have conduct (chäritra), weightlessness, colorlessness, shapelessness, lightlessness, heavylessness, etc. Per Jainism, these differences constitute the characteristics of the soul. This analogy gives us a rationale that there is a substance like a soul. The universe is based on the laws of balance. Why aren’t we all living beings equal at the time of birth? Why are some happy and some aren’t? Why are some healthy and some aren’t? Why are some good looking and some aren’t? Why are some rich and some aren’t? The rationale explanation is that there has to be some other substance besides the soul that makes everyone different. Per Jainism, this substance is called "karma". At the time of our birth, each one of us has a different balance of our karma and that makes us different from each other. Why everyone has a different balance of the karma? We must be carrying our karma from the previous life. Similarly, we add or subtract to our balance of the karma every moment. With good-positive self-effort, we can change the effect of our karma. As the effect of karma reduces, the more realized is the characteristics of our soul. As we know, someone gets more reward for good work in this life, while someone gets less or none reward for the same amount of the good work. Why? One kills one person and gets a death sentence. While someone else kills one hundred persons and still gets one death sentence. The punishment is not equal. The reward is not equal. Therefore, there has to be a next life to take care of this discrepancy. Now, the next question is - why don’t we remember our previous life? There are eight different types of karmas. One them is knowledge-obscuring karma. The existence of this karma does not let us completely realize the knowledge component of our consciousness (soul). There are five reasons that activate the knowledge-obscuring karma: place, time, substance, emotions and transition to next life. We do not remember everything we know at every place, at every time. during every emotional experience and at every substance-encounter. The time, the place, the feeling and the substance involve in a particular event decides how, when and where of its memory. While the transition (bhava) of our soul (with our karman body and tejas body) to the next life activates the knowledge-obstructing karma. Therefore, we do not remember the previous life. Since this transition to another body (bhava) is an extraordinary event as compared to other events in our life, makes us forget for a long time (may be beyond this life) about our previous life. The next question is - what happens when I remember my previous life? If this happens, this could be the most fortunate moment of our life. We will trust every thing that is said in our Jain Ägäms. Our life will spiritually be more focused. Back to top --------------------------------- I cannot live in this modern day world without violating the five vows. What are your views? There are two types of vows, one for the monks and one for house-holders. The vows for monks are called the great vows (Maha Vrata). In the practice of Maha Vrata, total abstinence from violence, falsehood, stealing, carnality and possessiveness is observed. The vows for the house-holders are called as partial vows (Anu Vrata). House-holders observes the vows of non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, abstinence from illicit sexual activities and non-possessiveness form a gross point of views. The partial vows are not nearly as strict as the great vows. Each house-holder observes these partial vows according to place, time, feeling, his/her capacity and his/her profession. The degree of the practice of partial vows among the house-holder can vary. A house-holder takes the specific partial vows with certain conditions that he/she thinks can practice without feeling miserable. There are more than 13 billion combinations of practicing partial vows. Even practicing only one combination is still the practice of partial vows. Practice of the partial vows by house-holders and the great vows by Jain monks are in existence without any significant compromise since the Bhagavän Mahavir’s time. Back to top --------------------------------- We say that human life is difficult to attain, but then why the population in the world is increasing? Is it because the good deeds are increasing? It is true that human life is difficult to attain and the world’s population is increasing. Jainism says the human life is difficult to attain in this universe. Therefore, it is said in respect to the human population in universe. We do not have knowledge whether the population of human beings in universe is increasing or not. If it is increasing, it has an explanation that these people must have done good deeds in their past lives. The good deeds (karma) to attain a human life include qualities like tolerance, straightforwardness, universal friendship and respecting all living beings. Therefore, the human life is difficult to attain. Intentional violence, attachment, meat-eating and killing of five-sensed lives lead to a life in hell. Deceit, cheating, manipulation and purposeful lying lead to a lower form of thelife. Wishful or unwishful restraint, austerity, etc., lead to a life in heaven. The one sensed living beings are infinitely more than all other living beings combined. There are more two-sensed lives than three-sensed lives and onwards. The human lives are in less number than any other lives. In addition, the human beings are the only ones who have the power of rationale thinking and conduct. This gives them capacity to eradicate their karmas. Therefore, the human life is the "must" life before one attains the liberation (moksha). Back to top --------------------------------- Why there are 108 beads in a rosary? There are five supreme personalities (souls) 1. Arahants (supreme human beings, 12 unique qualities), 2. Siddhas (pure souls, 8 unique qualities), 3. Acharyas (master teachers, 36 unique qualities), 4. Upadhyayas (sages who teach, 25 unique qualities) and 5. Sadhus (all sages, 27 unique qualities). They are also called Panch Parmeshthi. Parmeshthi means the five supreme beings, the best ones among all living beings. These five souls have given up worldly pleasures. There are a total of 108 unique qualities of these five supreme beings. Therefore, each bead represents one such unique quality. Back to top --------------------------------- If Sidhdhas are also liberated souls, then what is the difference between Sidhdhas and Tirthankars? There are a total of eight karmas: 1) Knowledge-Obscuring, Jnanavarniya Karma, 2) Perception-Obscuring, Darshanavarniya Karma, 3) Energy-Obscuring, Antaray Karma, 4) Deluding, Mohniya Karma, 5) Feeling-Producing, Vedniya Karma, 6) Body-Making, Nam Karma, 7) Status-determining, Gotra Karma and 8) Age-Determining, Ayushya Karma. The first four are the destructive (ghäti) karmas. They obstruct the real nature of the soul. The last four karmas are non-destructive (aghäti) karmas. When the first four karmas are eradicated, the person becomes keveli and achieves perfect knowledge, perfect perception and perfect conduct. But there are two types of kevelis: 1. Ordinary and 2. Tirthankar. Ordinary kevalis do not show the path of purification to others, while Tirthankar kevalis preach the path of the purification (liberation - moksha) to all living beings. Tirthankar means who leads us across the ocean of suffering. Tirthankar is not the founder of the religion, he/she is the propagator of truth, and path of salvation which has been preached by other Tirthankars. When a kevali, whether he/she is an ordinary or tirthankar keveli, achieves nirväna, he/she eradicates the remaining four (aghäti) karmas and becomes a Sidhdha. For example, Bhagavän Mahavira became a Sidhdha after his nirväna. Since he was a Tirthankar kevali we still call him a Tirthankar. we do not have any Tirthankara on our planet (Bharat ksetra). Bhagavän Mahavira’s was the last one. However, there are a total of 20 Tirthankaras in this universe. There could be a maximum of 170 Tirthankars and minimum of 20 Tirthankars at one time. There are infinite Sidhdhas and there will be infinite number of Sidhdhas in future. They are never reborn. Back to top --------------------------------- I don't see difference between Acharya, Upadhyaya and Sadhus. They look same to me. Is that true? It is true that they all look same. They have chosen the same path of liberation by renouncing their worldly attachments and have taken the same great vows as required for a Jain monk. However, Acharya is the head of mendicant group. He is a spiritual leader and monk-scholar, responsible for maintaining the rules of conduct, providing spiritual guidance and handling the organizational needs. Upädyäya is the teacher, who has a detailed knowledge of Jain canonical books. The monks other than Ächärya and Upädyäya are sadhus. Back to top --------------------------------- Why there are 24 Tirthankars, and not any other number? If we had 23 Tirthankars, then we would have a question why there are only 23, no more or no less? In each half time cycle (progressive or repressive), there are 24 times that the positions of planets, suns, stars, etc. in the universe are the most auspicious. At such auspicious time, the tirthankara is conceived in his/her mother’s womb. This is just one explanation. There are certain realities that do not need (or have) an explanation. They are just facts. So is the number of tirthankar per each half cycle. Back to top --------------------------------- Why there is more history available of Rushabhdev, Shantinath, Mallinath, Neminath, Parasnath, and Mahavira Swami? We have more information on the lives of Rushabhdev, Shantinath, Mallinath, Neminath, Parasnath, and Mahavira Swami because there have been many extraordinary, impressive, unique and message-oriented incidents in the lives of these Tirthankars as compared to others. Rushabhdev introduced the necessary things to ease the transition from primitive lifestyle to an organized one. For example he introduced, arts of men and women, languages, tools, business and farming, governing body to handle state affairs, etc. Also there were extraordinary events in his and his children’s lives. In case of Shantinäth, there was an event of the previous life of Shantinäth that he was willing to give his own flesh to save a bird. This event emphasized the importance of non-violence. Mallinäth was a woman, and there is a event in her life that how did she defuse the war and convinced marriage-seeking princes, who originally wanted to marry her, to initiate as a monk. There is a very famous event in the life of Neminäth, the chapter of Nem and Rajul. Mahavira had several extraordinary and exceptional events in his life; encounter with Sangamdev, facing chandkausik, association and encounter with Goshalak, recorded discussion with his to-be eleven disciples, case of chandanbäla, etc. There are no significant events in the lives of other Tirthankars like these six Tirthankaras. Back to top --------------------------------- How do we know the future 24 Tirthankars? We have been told by Lord Mahavira who attained the perfect knowledge. The preaching of the Lord Mahavira was passed on to us by his main disciples. The perfect knowledge means the knowledge of past, present and future about all the living beings and non-living substances. The living beings who have the perfect knowledge are called "keveli" since they have eradicated their all bad (knowledge obstructing, perception obstructing, conduct obstructing and energy obstructing) karmas. Back to top --------------------------------- What is the significance of Paryushana? Paryushana means to stay closer, to stay closer to the self - to our soul (atma). Paryushana parva is eight (Swetamber tradition) to ten days (Digamber tradition) long. During this period, Jains practice various restraints like not eating (fasting) or eating only one meal a day and spend more time spiritually (like listening to Jain gurus, reading religious books, etc.). On the last day of this period, called Samvatsari (annual ceremony of public confession), they go through confession. They admit their sins and plea for forgiveness (ksama). Admission of sins and pleading for forgiveness is directed towards the spiritual teachers, family members, friends and society members regardless of age or sex. Letters are written to the people they know and who were not approachable in person on the Samvatsari day acknowledging the wrong doings and seeking the pardon. The aspirant in a Samvatsari grants his/her forgiveness to all living beings and asks for the same favor to him/her; this is done through the Samvatsari Pratikraman (Pratikraman means to return from sins or confession) and raises the real spirit of universal friendship and goodwill: (Khämemi savvajive savve jiva khamantu me ! Metti me savvabhuesu veram majjha na kenavi !! means - I ask for forgiveness from all living beings; may all of them forgive me. May I have a friendship with all living beings and hostile to none). The pratyäkhyäna (renunciation of certain things) aspect is very elaborate during the Paryushana parva. The observance of pratyäkhyäna, the heart-felt acknowledgment of sins, solicitations for pardon and forgiving others, and the performance of Samvatsari Pratikraman is considered a highly important practice during the Paryushana parva. The Paryushana parva is the most important Jain ritual. Back to top --------------------------------- Why do I have to pray everyday? Why do we worship Tirthankar's idol? Why do I have to worship Idol with sandal wood paste, flowers etc.? Why people take fruits, sweets etc. to the temple? We pray/worship to pay our respects to the Thirthankars because they attained the liberation, they explained the path of liberation and to get an inspiration to become like them. By saluting them, we receive the spiritual up-liftment to follow the right path of purification. Jains do not pray/worship or recite mantras for any favors or material benefits from their Tirthankaras or from monks and nuns. There are eight things are involved in worshipping (puja) the Tirthankaras: 1. Jala Puja: (Water) 2. Chandan Puja: (Sandal-wood) 3. Pushpa Puja: (Flower) 4. Dhup Puja: (Incense) 5. Dipak Puja: (Candle) 6. Akshat Puja: (Rice) 7. Naivedya Puja: (Sweet food) 8. Fal Puja: (Fruit). Symbolically each item represents a specific religious virtue and one should reflect (contemplate) in his/her mind while performing puja. Jala Puja: (Water): Water symbolizes life's ocean of birth, death, and misery. This puja reminds that one should live his life with honesty, truthfulness, love, and compassion towards all living beings. This way one will be able to cross life's ocean and attain liberation (Moksha). Chandan Puja: (Sandal-wood): Chandan symbolizes knowledge (jnana). By doing this puja, one should thrive for right knowledge. Jainism believes that the path of knowledge is the main path to attain Moksha or liberation. Pushpa Puja: (Flower): The flower symbolizes conduct. Our conduct should be full of love and compassion towards all living beings, like flower provides fragrance and beauty, without any discrimination. Dhup Puja: (Incense): Dhup symbolizes monkhood life. While burning itself, incense provides fragrance to others. Similarly, true monks and nuns spend their entire life selflessly to benefit all living beings. This puja reminds that one should thrive for a ascetic life. Dipak Puja: (Candle): The flame of dipak represents a pure consciousness, i.e. a soul without bondage of any karmas or a liberated soul. By doing this puja one should thrive to follow five great vows; non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possession. Ultimately these vows will lead to liberation. Akshat Puja: (Rice): Rice is a kind of grain which is nonfertile. One cannot grow rice plants by seeding rice. Symbolically, it means that rice is the last birth. By doing this puja one should thrive to put all the efforts in life in such a way that this life becomes one's last life, and after the end of this life one will not be reborn again. Naivedya Puja: (Sweet food): Naivedya symbolizes tasty food. By doing this puja, one should thrive to reduce or eliminate attachment to tasty food. Healthy food is essential for survival, however one should not live for tasty food. Ultimate aim in one's life is to attain a life where no food is essential for survival. Fal Puja: (Fruit): Fruit is a symbol of Moksha or liberation. If we live our life without any attachment to worldly affairs, continue to perform our duty without any expectation and reward, be a witness to all the incidents that occur surrounding us, truly follow monkhood life, and have a love and compassion to all living beings, we will attain the fruit of liberation. This is the last puja symbolizing the ultimate achievement of our life. Back to top --------------------------------- Why do we need a worshipping place? Can't we do same thing in our own home? The worshipping place provides the necessary environment for spiritual up-liftment just as the school provides for education. Once one has advanced spiritually and he/she can continue the spiritual activity at any place. But for most of the samsaris (house-holders) we need to depend upon outside sources such as temple to make initial progress in the spiritual direction. It is also acceptable that one practices his/her religion from home as long as he/she achieves the similar or better results. For most people, the combination of both is recommended. Back to top --------------------------------- Why do we consider Swastika sign as good sign? The swastika sign symbolizes the samsarik cycle that is consisted of four destinies: 1. heavenly beings, 2. humans, 3. hell beings and 4. rest of the living forms (animals, plants, etc.). A given soul can be born unaccountable number of times in each type. When an aspirant goes to the temple, he/she sits on a mat in front of the idol. He/she forms a sign of swastika using rice grains on a plate or a wooden plank. This symbolizes the four samsarik destinies. Then he/she places three dots above the swastika sign. Three dots symbolize the three jewels - perfect perception, perfect knowledge and perfect conduct. These three provide the means for escaping the miserable samsarik cycle. Finally, he/she makes a half circle on the top of three dots and puts a dot in that half circle. This half circle figure with a dot symbolizes the place, sidhdhha-lok (upper portion of the universe) where the liberated souls are. He/she desires to attain moksha (liberation, to be in sidhdhha-lok). Thus, he/she wants to be liberated from the samsarik cycle of four destinies three jewels - perfect perception, perfect knowledge and perfect conduct, and attain the place in sidhdhha-lok. The Jain swastika sign has its arms (horizontal and vertical) in clockwise direction while the swastika sign of oriental, American Indian and Greek American have its arms the counter-clockwise direction. Jains, Hindus, Buddhists, Orientals, Greek, American Indians, etc., regard swastika symbol as a good luck symbol. Nazis’ swastika sign has all its arms at 45 degree angle (neither horizontal or vertical) and in clockwise direction. Nazis’ swastika sign was abandoned by Germans in 1945. It represents lots of hatred. We need to be very careful in displaying our swastika sign in public so that we do not hurt the feelings of the people who suffered a great deal by Nazis in the second world war. Back to top --------------------------------- Define the dreams according to Jain religion? According to Jainism the dreams are not only thoughts, images and emotions during the sleep, the dreams could be indicative of our past experiences as well as what will happen in future. Per Jainism, we get dreams due to: 1) experiences in this life, 2) what we heard, 3) experiences of our previous life, 4) gas, cough or acidity problems, 5) own-nature of our soul, 6) worries, 7) contact with heavenly beings (devi-devta), 8) religious experiences or acts, and 9) activation of good or bad karma. First six types of dreams may not be fruitful, but the last three dreams can be fruitful. Per Jainism, we should not go back to sleep if we see the best dream. Back to top --------------------------------- What is the significance of the 14 dreams, which mother Trishala had? and why no less or more? There is a book on dreams in Jainism that explains significance of dreams, types of dreams and results of dreams. In that book, it is stated that all Tirthankars’ mother get the same 14 dreams at the time of conception. (If Tirthankars’ mother had 13 dreams, then we would have a question why there are only 13, no more or no less?) There are certain realities that do not need (or have) an explanation. They are just facts. So is 14 dreams to all Tirthankars’ mother. Queen Trishala, mother of Lord Mahavir at midnight saw fourteen beautiful and auspicious dreams after conception. They were: 1. Elephant 2. Bull 3. Lion 4. Goddess Laxmi 5. Garland of Flowers 6. Full Moon 7. Sun 8. Large Flag 9. Silver Urn 10. Lotus-Lake 11. Milky-Sea 12. Celestial Air-plane 13. Heap of Gems 14. Smokeless Fire. Elephant: She saw a big, tall, and impetuous elephant. It had two pairs of tusks. The color of the elephant was white and its whiteness was superior to the color of marble. This dream indicates that her son will guide the spiritual chariot, and save human beings from misery, greed, and attraction of life. Bull: The color of the bull was also white, but it was brighter than white lotuses. It glowed with beauty and radiated a light all around. It was noble, grand, and had a majestic hump. It had fine, bright, and soft hair on his body. Its horns were superb and sharply-pointed. This dream indicates that her son will be a spiritual teacher of great ascetics, kings, and other great personalities. Lion: Its claws were beautiful and well-poised. The lion had a large well-rounded head and extremely sharp teeth. Its lips were perfect, its color was red, and its eyes were sharp and glowing. Its tail was impressively long and well-shaped. Queen Trishala saw this lion descending towards her and entering her mouth. This dream indicates that her son will be as powerful and strong as a lion. He will be fearless, almighty, and capable of ruling over the world. Goddess Laxmi: The fourth dream Queen Trishala saw was of the Goddess Laxmi, the Goddess of wealth, prosperity and power. She was seated at the top of mountain Himalaya. Her feet had a sheen of golden turtle. She had a delicate and soft fingers. Her black hair was tiny, soft, and delicate. She wore rows of pearls interlaced with emeralds and a garland of gold. A pair of earring hung over her shoulders with dazzling beauty. She held a pair of bright lotuses. This dream indicates that her son will attain great wealth, power, prosperity. Garland of Flowers: The fifth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a celestial garland of flowers descending from the sky. It smelled of mixed fragrances of different flowers. The whole universe was filled with fragrance. The flowers were white and woven into the garland. They bloomed during all different seasons. A swarm of bees flocked to it and they made a humming sound around the region. This dream indicates that the fragrance of her son's preaching will spread over the entire universe. Full Moon: The sixth dream queen Trishala saw was of a full moon. It presented an auspicious sight. The moon was at its full glory. It awoke the lilies to bloom fully. It was bright like a well polished mirror. The moon radiated whiteness like a swan. It inspired the oceans to surge skyward. The beautiful moon looked like a radiant beauty-mark in the sky. This dream indicates that her son will have a great physical structure, and be pleasing to all living beings of the universe. Sun: The seventh dream Queen Trishala saw was of a huge disc of sun. The sun was shining, and destroying darkness. It was red like the flame of the forest. Lotuses bloomed at its touch. The sun is the lamp of the sky and the lord of planets. The sun rose and an put to end the evil activities of the creatures who thrive at night. This dream indicates that the teaching of her son will destroy anger, greed, ego, lust, pride, etc. from the life of the people. Large Flag: The eighth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a very large flag flying on a golden stick. The flag fluttered softly and auspiciously in the gentle breeze. It attracted the eyes of all. Peacock feathers decorated its crown. A radiant white lion was on it. This dream indicates that her son will be great, noble, and a well respected leader of the family. Silver Urn: The ninth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a silver urn (kalash) full of crystal-clear water. It was a magnificent, beautiful, and bright pot. It shone like gold and was a joy to behold. It was garlanded with strings of lotuses and other flowers. The pot was holy and untouched by anything sinful. This dream indicates that her son will be perfect in all virtues. Lotus-Lake: The tenth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a lotus lake (padma-sagar). Thousands of lotuses were floating on the lake which opened at the touch of the sun's rays. The lotuses imparted a sweet fragrance. There were swarms of fish in the lake. Its water glowed like flames of fire. The lily-leaves were floating on the water. This dream indicates that her son will help to liberate the human beings who are tangled in the cycle of birth, death, and misery. Milky-sea: The eleventh dream Queen Trishala saw was of a milky sea. Its water swelled out in all directions, rising to great heights with turbulent motions. Winds blew and created waves. A great commotion was created in the sea by huge sea animals. Great rivers fell into the sea, producing huge whirlpools. This dream indicates that her son will navigate through life on an ocean of birth, death, and misery leading to Moksha or liberation. Celestial air-plane: The twelfth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a celestial airplane. The airplane had eight thousands magnificent gold pillars studded with gems. The plane was framed with sheets of gold and garlands of pearls. It was decorated with rows of murals depicting bulls, horses, men, crocodiles, birds, children, deers, elephants, wild animals, and lotus flowers. The plane resounded with celestial music. It was saturated with an intoxicating aroma of incense fumes. It was illuminated with a bright silvery light. This dream indicates that all Gods and Goddesses in heaven will respect and salute to his spiritual teaching and will obey him. Heap of Gems: The thirteenth dream Queen Trishala saw was of a great heap of gems, as high as Mount Meru. There were gems and precious stones of all types and kinds. These gems were heaped over the earth and they illuminated the entire sky. This dream indicates that her son will have infinite virtues and wisdom. Smokeless Fire: The fourteenth dream queen Trishala saw was of a smokeless fire. The fire burned with great intensity and emitted a radiant glow. Great quantities of pure ghee and honey were being poured on the fire. It burned with numerous flames. This dream indicates that the wisdom of her son will excel the wisdom of all other great people. Back to top --------------------------------- According to Jain Geography, what is the shape of the universe? How does it fit in the modern-day science concept? Per Jainism, the universe is very vast but of fixed dimensions. The shape of universe resembles somewhat to a man with arms at angles, hands on waist and legs apart. The universe structure is divided in three tiers. At the top, the liberated ones are. Above the waist (upper tier), where the heavens are. At the middle tier (at the waist) where all the humans are. In the lower tier where the hell is. The middle tier which is called the Madhya-lok, where the infinite concentric worlds are arranged in countless rings. Each ring of land is followed by a ring of water. The central land of the Madhya-lok is called Jambudvipa. Jambudvipa is surrounded by a ring of water. This water ring is surrounded by a ring of land and onwards. The total width of the water ring surrounding Jambudvipa is two times the diameter of Jambudvipa. The land surrounding this water ring is two times greater and onwards. We live on a section of Jambudvipa, called Bhärat-ksetra. Our earth is a small portion of this Bhärat-ksetra. The humans are only on Jambudvipa, on the next land ring ( Dhätaki-khanda) and the half of the following land ring (Pushkarvara). All the remaining land or water rings do not have human life. Some of the Jain concept of the universe does not match with the current belief of the science. Modern science does not have answers to questions like; a) What is the origin of the universe? b) What is it made of? and c) What is its ultimate density? d) What is the age of the universe or is it ageless? e) How is the cosmos structured? and f) What is the fate of the universe? Scientists agree that the universe is made of matter, light, and various forms of radiation and energy. Some scientists believe in the Big Bang theory (inflation theory), the universe was in condensed cold black matter and since the Big Bang it has been expanding. Their current theory will be only supported if the universe was made out of the dark matter. Few scientists claim that the universe was made out of more than one matter (20% of dense matter and 80% of lighter matter) based on their computer model. If this is true then this throws away the Big Bang theory. If the universe was expanding then the universe has to be open and its density will approach to zero. If the average density of the universe is maintained constant then the universe has to be closed. Per the steady state theory gives an indication that the universe is without beginning and ending. Because of the assumption that as matter is destroyed, new matter is produced, the theory finds few supporters in the scientific community. It appears that modern scientists need a fundamentally new framework to understand the universe. There are several explanations are presented by various Jain ächaryas and scholars to explain this discrepancy. One opinion is that the Jain geography represents the belief of the people during the Mahavira’s time. The Lord Mahavira’s real message is for the purification of soul. The purification of soul is the matter of our internal world. Therefore, Lord Mahavira would not specifically talk about the external world. When he mentioned the geography, he used it as a reference. When a knowledgeable person talks to a less-knowledgeable person, he has to use the references that the less-knowledgeable person is familiar with. Lord Mahavira did use the local belief of the geography as a reference to get his main message of the "non-violence" across. Some scholars claim that a small fraction of what Mahavira preached is available to us. Because the current Jain canonical books were written about 1000 years after Lord Mahavira. We do not have any one with perfect knowledge since last 2400 plus years (Jambuswami was the last one with perfect knowledge in this regressive half cycle). Therefore, it is difficult to explain the discrepancy. The logic (put aside the particulars about the shape the islands and each one surrounded by a water ring) of the Jain geography does echo the current thinking in many aspects. For example: 1) the universe is vast, 2) there are numerous galaxies, 4) there are numerous planets and 4) very few planets with intellectual lives. The modern-day scientists have many disagreements among themselves. Some scientists do believe that the universe is of finite dimensions and is self-regulated. However, many scientists are trying to prove the "big bang theory". In astronomy, whatever the science says today will not necessarily be true tomorrow. Some believe that the Jain geography is the correct one, and someday the science will agree with it. All Jain scholars agree that the basis of the Jainism is "non-violence", and therefore, the Jainism should viewed with that as the main idea. To support the central concept of "non-violence", Lord Mahavira developed four fundamental branches - 1) doctrine of soul, 2) doctrine of karma, 3) rules for conduct (to stop and eradicate the karma) and 4) the universe. First three branches are directly related to the basis of Jainism, "non-violence". The Jain concept of the universe is that the universe is consisted of living and non-living substances (soul as living substance, and matter energy, medium of motion, medium of rest, space and time as non-living substance). Karmas are non-living matter. These six substances are in finite number, they cannot be created and cannot be destroyed. The science has partially substantiated this concept (matter energy, space and time). If we believe in the soul, and we believe that there is a medium that assists in moving and as well as in stopping, then the concept of universe consisted of six substances is easy to accept by the science community. All Jains should understand that the concept of "non-violence" is the most important in the Jainism and that should be in the root of our thinking. Other external things like the cosmology mentioned in Jainism should be less (or de-) emphasized. Back to top --------------------------------- When and under what circumstances different branches of Jain religion started? What are the different sects in Jainism? Why they can't Unite? About 170 years after Mahavir's nirvana, Acharya Bhadrabahu Swami became the head of the Jain community and he is recognized by both sects. Chandra Gupta Maurya was the king in Magadha. During this time a famine occurred for twelve years. (This is a historical fact). Acharya Bhadrabhahu had predicted this long famine and realized that it will be very difficult for monks to strictly follow religion (Five Mahavrats, no clothes, beg food in hands, etc.). He, along with twelve thousands of his disciples, traveled south and settled there so that they can follow the strict religious rules. The remaining monks were led by Acharya Sthulibhadra and he relaxed some of the rules for the monks for survival during this famine. This historical incident was the primary cause of the separation of Digamber and Swetamber sects. However, the real separation occurred during the time of Acharya Vajrasen (six hundred years after Mahavir's nirvana). With respect to wearing or not wearing of cloths for monks are concerned, historians have reasonably believed that Mahavir did not wear any clothes after renunciation. However, his disciples were of both types (clothed and unclothed). The disciples of Parshwanath (23rd Tirthankar) wore white clothes. Swetamber Jains are also divided into two major subsects: Swetamber Murti Pujak (Idol worshiper) and Swetamber Non-Murti Pujak (Non-idol worshiper). Swetamber non-murti pujak Jains are also divided into two sects: Sthanakvasi Jains and TerapanthiJains (Compassion and Penance have different definition). Digamber Jains are divided into three major subsects: Bisa Panth - Accepted Bhattarak's authority, Terah Panth- Did not accept Bhattarak's authority (Banarasidas) and Taran Panth- Non-Murti pujak sect (Taran Taran Swami). The essential philosophy of all Jain sects is similar. The similarities exist in many areas: 1. Definition of God 2. Every living being has a potential for becoming God or Siddha. 3. Metaphysics, 4. The universe is composed of six unique substances, 5. Philosophy of Karma, 6. The seven/nine principles (realities - tatvas) 7. Right Faith (Samayak Darshan), Right Knowledge (Samayak Jnan) and Right Conduct (Samayak Charitra) is the path of liberation. 10. five vows, 11. Religion books are not considered possession, 12. Other beliefs - a) Five Samitis (Rules of carefulness), b) Three Guptis (Avoidance, c) Multiplicity view (Anekantwada/Syadwada) d) Five types of Knowledge (Jnana), e) Fourteen Stages of Progress (Gunasthanak), f) Twelve contemplation (Bhavnas), h) Four types of Meditations (Dhyan), g) Six types of Leshyas (psychic colors), i) In each half time cycle exactly 24 Tirthankaras are born, k) Namaskar Maha Mantra is the same among all Jains. l) Tatvartha-Sutra book (Non-Ägam book) is recognized by both sects and m) Rishi Mandal Stottra is almost the same between two sects. Some differences do exist between these two sects: 1. Ägams (Sacred books): Digamber Jains believe that all of the original Ägams (Äng and Purva Ägams) were destroyed or lost during the 350 years after Lord Mahavir's nirvan. Most of them may have been lost or destroyed during the twelve years of famine that occurred during the time of the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (300 B.C.). However they have given significant importance to certain religion books written by great acharyas as a basis for Digamber Jain religion. Swetamber Jains believe that 600 years after Lord Mahavir's Nirvan all Purva Ägams were lost or not remembered by monks and hence were not saved. Only Ang and Non-Ang Ägams were preserved or remembered. 2. Keval Jnan (Perfect Knowledge): Digambers believe that after attaining Kevaljnan, Tirthankars or other Kevaljnani monks do not eat or drink anything for the remaining period of their life; while Swetambers believe that they continue to eat and drink like normal human beings and continue to live monkhood life for the remaining period of their life. 3. Tirthankara: Digambers believe that all 24 Tirthankaras were male and there is no exception to this rule. Swetambers believe that generally all Tirthankara are male but in the present series of 24 Tirthankaras, the nineteenth Tirthankar, Mallinath was a female and that was an exception to the rule. Both sects believe that all Tirthankaras are born in the Ksatriya (Warrior) family. 4. Moksha (Salvation): Digambers believe that only male person can attain salvation. A female has to be reborn as a male in order to attain salvation. Swetambers believe that both males and females can attain salvation. 5. Clothes and Food: Digamber monks do not wear any clothes at all. They beg for food in their hands and eat only once a day. Swetamber monks and nuns wear white clothes and they beg food in pots generally once a day. They bring the food at their residence and ask their guru for permission to eat their meal. They do not eat food in the presence of layman or laywoman. 6. Mahavir's Life: Swetambers believe that Mahavir's fetus was transferred from mother Devananda (Bhraman family) to mother Trishala (Kshatriya family), while Digambers believe that he was conceived by mother Trishala and the question of fetus transfer does not arise. Digambers believe that Mahavir was not married, while Swetambers believe that Mahavir was married with Yashodha and they had a daughter named Priyadarshana. 7. Tirthankara's Murti (Idol): The Tirthankar's murti (idol) wear ornaments and decorations, and their eyes look toward the worshiper in Swetamber Murti Pujak sect. Digamber idols do not wear ornaments and their eyes look downward in meditating position. In both sects, the Tirthankar idols wear no clothes. 8. Pratikraman, Samayik, and Puja rituals are different. It can be seen that all Jain sects remarkably similar in their philosophy despite minor areas of disagreements. Their differences should also be acceptable to each other from the multiplicity point of views (Anekäntväd) because none of the differences compromises the fundamentals of Jainism. Recently, there has been several collaborative works by all major sects. Jains from different sects outside India seem to have more unity and harmony. The unity is always possible since the differences are minor. Back to top --------------------------------- References "Dravya Sangraha" by Nemichandra Siddhantideva (1125), originally edited in English by Sarat Chandra Ghosal (1917), Republished by Shri Chandrapraph Digambar Maindir Trust, Bombay (1986) "Essential of Jainism", edited by Dr. Prem Suman Jain, Jain Center of Greater Boston, Wellesley, Mass., USA (1984) "The Jaina Path of Purification" by P. S. Jaini, published by University of California, Berkeley, USA (1978) Lectures by Saman Shri Shrutpranjaji - 1992 1993 Lectures by Dhirubhai D. Pandit, 1994 Many Books by Gandhipati Tulsi and Achärya Mahaprjnaji Electronic material from Dr. Prem Gada and Pravin Shah, 8. "Guidance for Jainism by Bhdrabahu Vijay Many other Jain books. Jainism in the Time of Indus Valley Civilization The discovery of the Indus Civilization seem to have thrown a new light on the antiquity of Jainism. The evidence suggests that Jainism was known among the people of the Indus Valley around 3000-3500 B.C. Some nude figures, considered to be of Lord Rishabha, on the seals have been discovered at Mohenjodaro and Harrappa. There is an article that suggests the representation of the seventh Tirthankar SuParsvanath. The people of the Indus Valley not only practiced Yoga but worshipped the images of Yogis. There are figures in Kayotsarga posture of standing are peculiarly Jain. In addition, the sacred signs of swastika are found engraved on a number of seals. Furthermore, there are some motifs on the seals found in Mohen-jo-Daro and it is suggested that these motifs are identical with those found in the ancient Jain art of Mathura. This presence of Jain tradition in the earliest period of Indian history is supported by many scholars. It strongly suggests that Jainism existed in pre#8209;Aryan time. Jain Tradition And Buddhism Lord Mahavir was the senior contemporary of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. In Buddhist books Lord Mahavir is always described as nigantha Nataputta (Nirgrantha Jnatrputra), i.e., the naked ascetic of the Jnätr clan. Further, in the Buddhist literature Jainism is referred to as an ancient religion. There are ample references in Buddhist books to the Jain naked ascetics, to the worship of Arhats in Jain chaityas or temples and to the chaturyäma#8209;dharma (i.e. fourfold religion) of 23rd Tirthankar Parsvanath. Moreover, the Buddhist literature refers to the Jain tradition of Tirthankars and specifically mentions the names of Jain Tirthankars like Rishabhdev, Padmaprabh, Chandraprabh, Puspdant, Vimalnath, Dharmanath and Neminath. The Buddhist book Manorathapurani, mentions the names of many lay men and women as followers of the Parsvanath tradition and among them is the name of Vappa, the uncle of Gautama Buddha. In fact it is mentioned in the Buddhist literature that Gautama Buddha himself practiced penance according to the Jain way before he propounded his new religion. Jain Tradition and Hinduism The Jain tradition of 24 Tirthankars seems to have been accepted by the Hindus like the Buddhists, as could be seen from their ancient scriptures. The Hindus, indeed, never disputed the fact that Jainism was revealed by Rishabhdev and placed his time almost at what they conceived to be the commencement of the world. They gave the same parentage (father Nabhiraya and mother Marudevi) of Rishabhdev as the Jains do and they even agree that after the name of Rishabhdev's eldest son Bharat this country is Known as Bharatavarsa. In the Rg#8209;veda there are clear references to Rishabhdev, the 1st Tirthankar, and to Aristanemi, the 22nd Tirthankar. The Yajur#8209;veda also mentions the names of three Tirthankars, viz. Rishabhdev, Ajita#8209;nath and Aristanemi. Further, the Atharva#8209;veda specifically mentions the sect of Vratya means the observer of vratas or vows as distinguished from the Hindus at those times. Similarly in the Atharva#8209;veda the term Maha#8209;vratya occurs and it is supposed that this term refers to Rishabhdev, who could be considered as the great leader of the Vratyas. Neminath as a Historical Figure Neminath or Aristanemi, who preceded Lord Parshvanath, was a cousin of Krishna. If the historicity of Krishna is accepted, there is no reason why Neminath should not be regarded as a historical person. He was son of Samudravijaya and grandson of Andhakavrsni of Sauryapura. Krishna had negotiated the wedding of Neminath with Rajimati, the daughter of Ugrasena of Dvaraka. Neminath attained emancipation on the summit of Mount Raivata (Girnar). There is a mention of Neminath in several vedic canonical books. The king named Nebuchadnazzar was living in the 10th century B. C. It indicates that even in the tenth century B.C. there was the worship of the temple of Neminath. Thus, there seems to be little doubt about Neminath as a historical figure but there is some difficulty in fixing his date. Historicity of Parshvanath The historicity of Lord Parshvanath has been unanimously accepted. He preceded Lord Mahavir by 25O years. He was the son of King Asvasena and Queen Vama of Varanasi. At the age of thirty he renounced the world and became an ascetic. He practiced austerities for eighty three days. on the eighty fourth day he obtained omniscience. Lord Parshvanath preached his doctrines for seventy years. At the age of one hundred he attained liberation on the summit of Mount Sammeta (Parsnath Hills). The four vows preached by Lord Parshvanath are: not to kill, not to lie, not to steal, and not to own property. The vow of chastity was without a doubt, implicitly included in the last vow, but in the two hundred and fifty years that elapsed between the Nirvän of Parshvanath and the preaching of Lord Mahavir, considering the situation of that time, included the fifth vow of chastity explicitly to the existing four vows. Thus, the number of vows preached by Lord Mahavir was five instead of four. There were followers of Lord Parshvanath headed by Keshi Kumar at the time Lord Mahavir. It is a historical fact that Kesi Kumar and Gandhar Gautam, chief disciple of Lord Mahavir met and discussed the differences. After satisfactory explanation by Gandhar Gautam, Keshi Kumar and monks and nuns of Lord Parshvanath tradition accepted the leadership of Lord Mahavir and they were reinitiated. It should be noted that the monks and nuns who followed the tradition of Lord Parshvanath were wearing clothes. Lord Mahavir: Lord Mahavir was the twenty fourth, i.e., the last Tirthankars. According to the tradition of the Shvetämbar Jains the Nirvän of Lord Mahavir took place 470 years before the beginning of the Vikrama Era. The tradition of the Digambar Jains maintains that Lord Lord Mahavir attained Nirvän 605 years before the beginning of the Saka Era. By either mode of calculation the date comes to 527 B.C. Since the Lord attained emancipation at the age of 72, his birth must have been around 599 B.C. This makes Lord Mahavir a slightly elder contemporary of Buddha who probably lived about 567-487 B.C. Lord Mahavir was the head of an excellent community of 14,000 monks, 36,000 nuns, 159,00O male lay votaries and 318,OOO female lay votaries. The four groups designated as monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen constitute the four fold order (tirtha) of Jainism. Of the eleven principle disciples (ganadharas) of Lord Mahavir, only two, viz., Gautam Swami and Sudharma Swami survived him. After twenty years of Nirvän of Lord Mahavir, Sudharma Swami also attained emancipation. He was the last of the eleven gandharas to die. Jambu Swami, the last omniscient, was his pupil. He attained salvation after sixty four years of the Nirvän of Lord Mahavir. There were both types of monks, viz., sachelaka (with clothes) and achelaka (without clothes), in the order of Lord Mahavir. Both types of these groups were present together up to several centuries after Nirvän of Lord Mahavir. During the Mohammedan period Jainism could not get the royal and popular support as it used to receive before but it succeeded in holding its own without much trouble. Jains even could secure some concessions for their holy places and practices from the liberal minded Mughal emperors like Akbar the Great and Jahangir. It is recorded that emperor Akbar was very favorably inclined towards the Jain religion. In the year 1583 A.D. he made animal slaughter during the Paryusana days a capital offense throughout his vast empire. This tolerant policy of the Great Mohgal was revoked by his successor Jahangir. A deputation of the Jains which visited Jahangir in 1610 A.D. was able to secure a new imperial ruling under which the slaughter of animals was again prohibited during the days of the Paryusana. many more to share ... --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Yahoo! Search presents - Jib Jab's 'Second Term'

#5294 From: nileshkumar kothari <jinatma@...>
Date: Sat Feb 5, 2005 1:28 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Re: [Jain Friends] Common Fallacies about Jainism?- more on it.
jinatma
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JAI JINENDRA

THIS TOPIC IS REALLY THE WAY TO A BETTER UNDERSTANDING

OUR CONCEPTS & MISCONCEPTS BEGIN FROM THE DAY WE ARE BORN & THE PROCESS
CARRIES ON THRU LIFE

IF STARTING POINT FOR ANYONE WAS PRESENTATION OF THE WHOLE & COMPLETE
TRUTH  OF EVERYTHING IN THE COSMOS & IF WE UNDERSTOOD THIS ENTIRELY
THEN THERE WOULD BE NO QUESTIONS

IF ALL THE SCRIPTURES & ALL THE DIFFERENT RELIGION DESCRIPTIONS OF LIFE
& COSMOS WERE THE TRUTH THAN THEY ALL WOULD BE SIMILAR -- SINCE THERE
CAN BE ONLY ONE ULTIMATE TRUTH

THIS WOULD BE LIKE SAMYAG GNYAN & THEN KEVAL GNYAN

TO STATE THIS IN A DIFFERENT WAY -- WE ALL CATCH THIS TRUTH PARTIALLY ,
THE REMAINING PARTIAL IS UNTRUE OR ILLUSION -- WHICH IS WHY WE KEEP
GOING IN CIRCLES AS TO WHAT IS TRUE & WHAT IS NOT -- & DO NOT GET TO
THE GRAVITY OF THIS  ,  WHICH IS WHAT THE TIRTHANKAR HAS GIVEN TO US --
ATMAGNYAN & LOKAKASH

THE IDENTITY TO A RELIGION IS THE "ISM" -- WHICH SAYS ONE WOULD FOLLOW
THE TENETS OF THAT MYTH OR MYTHOLOGY

WHEN WE TRY TO DEFINE THIS ATMAGNYAN  AS AN "ISM" OR AS A JAINISM WE
PLACE MAHAVIR & TIRTHANKERS AT THE FOREFRONT , ADD SOME PIECES OF
ATMAGNYAN TO IT & THEN ADD SOME SANSARIK RITUALS ALONG WITH SOME
ILLUSIONS -- & THEN CALL THIS JAINISM

NOW LIVING IN INDIA , BEING A MINORITY AS A JAIN IN A MAJORITY OF
HINDUS  -- WE ARE ALWAYS OVERTAKEN BY THE FEELINGS OF THE MAJORITY THAT
JAINISM  IS OFFSHOOT OF HINDUISM --JUST ANOTHER ILLUSION AMONGST SO
MANY THAT ONE CANNOT EASILY RESOLVE -- TO RESOLVE IT VERY SIMPLY IS IF
YOU ARE A JAIN FOLLOWER YOU ARE A JAIN , IF YOU WANT TO BE HINDU OR
ANYTHING ELSE MAY YOU BE THAT -- IF YOU DESIRE TO BE A JAIN THEN GET TO
THE GRAVITY OF THE MATTER -- BECAUSE THAT COMPLETENESS IS NOT FOUND IN
ANY OTHER RELIGION OR SCIENCE

FOR ANY JAIN OVERSEAS -- A SIMILAR FEELING MAY CARRY ON -- SINCE AT
MOST PLACES IN A LOCALITY OF INDIANS THE MAJORITY WILL BE HINDU -- & A
HINDU HAS MORE COMMONER LIFESTYLE & THINKING TO A JAIN THAN A CHRISTIAN
OR A BRITISHER OR AMERICAN -- SO THIS FEELINGS FROM HOMELAND INDIA DO
NOT SEEM TO RESOLVE -- MANS MOST COMMON ENTERTAINMENT IS FILMS/MOVIES
-- MOST HINDI MOVIES CARRY A WEIGHT OF HINDU CULTURE & THINKING

ALL ONE CAN SAY IS "GOD" DID NOT MAKE AS MANY JAINS -- SO LEARN TO BE
JAIN WHERE EVER YOU ARE -- EVEN BETTER , LEARN THE GOOD TENETS OF JAIN
UNDERSTANDING -- THESE ARE VERY DIFFICULT TO KNOW UNDERSTAND ACCEPT OR
PRACTICE IN THIS KAAL ---  (HAVE NO MISCONCEPT -- THERE IS NO CREATOR
GOD , THERE IS NO ONE WHO MAKES ANYONE JAIN , IF YOU ARE BORN IN A JAIN
FAMILY - I WOULD SAY YOU ARE JUST VERY LUCKY !!!!! )

OM NAAMO TO ALL ARIHANTAS, SIDDHAS & THEIR FOLLOWERS

from NILESHKUMAR KOTHARI

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--- Sreepalan VC <sreepal5058@...> wrote:

>
>
> Samyak Darshan
>
> Dear Shri Paresh D Motiwala and Shri Y Malaiya,
>
> Sub: Common fallacies about Jain Dharma
> Ref: Tue.4th an ‘05
>
> Let soul secure samyakthva.
>
> Reproduced for the benefit of valued participants.
>
> Right you are in placing on board the wrong
> misconception of the Universal Truth – Jina Dharma.
>
> It is neither an ‘ism’ nor a religion nor an offshoot
> of Hinduism.
>
> Hinduism is a conglomeration of various Vedhic
> thinkers with varied perceptions on realities or the
> universe, as you all know.
>
> Jina Dharma is universal truth – universal Dharma -
> all embracing truth applicable for all times, all
> places and all living beings and not merely to human
> beings as expressed by many here in the discussion
> board as well as elsewhere.
>
> It is not an ‘ism’ in the sense that it is propounded
> by all knowing entity ‘Sarvagyna’ as the contents
> ‘ism’ are man made and intended for the impermanent
> and passing mundane existence.
>
> It is not also a religion as religion is set rules and
> regulations or code of conduct for the co-existence of
> people professing one faith and also it is pertaining
> to one place, time and group of people of the same
> faith.
>
> It is not an offshoot of Hinduism too and their
> various shades viz, Memamsam, Vaishesikam, Nyayikam
> etc., besides their current Savivism, Viashnavism and
> their sub sects as it differs in almost all the core
> principles viz., God and Godhood, universe and its
> components, number and composition of substance,
> qualities and their modifications or expressions,
> Moksha – the ever lasting bliss and the path to
> achieve it and more specifically ‘Anekanth’ the symbol
> Jina Dharshan or Jina Saasan and contents of Pramaann
> – vyavahaar and nischaya and many more are neither
> available or if available, are in part only.
>
> Jina Dharma is Vasthu dharma i.e., Nature of substance
> and for the nature of the substance, it is any one’s
> common sense to know that there cannot be one author
> or any one individual. Since it is nature which is
> beginning less, endless, uncreated and indestructible
> so on so forth and so for nature who can be an author
> but there used to be now and then the presence of
> world teachers – Thirthankars to periodically
> replenish or rejuvenate the followers who suffer the
> damage caused by the influx of propagation of other
> thinkers of other faiths.
>
> Brahma, if rightly understood, is soul and soul only
> and those who wish and profess to know, believe and
> conduct themselves, as soul is Brahmin. Therefore
> truly speaking the followers of Jina’s revelation and
> conduct themselves in the path of Jinendra Baghavaan
> are only Brahmins or Brahmachaari who are dwelling in
> their soul and not a sect, as it is understood now and
> expressed.
>
> Those interested in self – soul alone can gain entry
> into the of unadulterated infinite bliss and in other
> words
> Jina Dharma is Atma Dharma.
>
> Truth is Kevalin’s and rest is mine,
>
> “Know thyself and be thyself” is the essence of the
> revelations of all Kevalins, by Kevalins and for
> Kevalins.
>
> Now for the participants,
>
> Yours brotherly,
> sreepalan
>
>
> --- "Paresh D. Motiwala" <jin_par@...> wrote:
>
> >
> > Another fallacy
> >
> > --- Jainism is an offshoot of Hinudism.
> >
> > regds,
> > Paresh
> >
> >
> >  --- ymalaiya <ymalaiya@...> wrote:
> >
> > ---------------------------------
> >
> > Jainism is the religion of a small but very special
> > people. Most
> > people don't know much about Jainism, if they
> > anything
> > at all. They
> > often accept what they see in popular press or on
> > the
> > web.
> >
> > We we give information about Jainism to others, we
> > need to keep the
> > popular misconceptions in mind so that we can
> > clarify
> > them.
> >
> > What are the common fallacies about Jainism? Here
> > let
> > me mention a
> > couple of them. Can you share what you may have
> > heard
> > from your non-
> > Jain friends or other people? I think we need to
> > make
> > a list and
> > prepare appropriate explanations.
> >
> > Here are two examples:
> >
> > - Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavira.
> >
> > - Jainism arose as a protest against Brahmanism.
> >
> > What other fallacies have you come across in India
> > or
> > overseas in
> > USA, UK etc?
> >
> > Yashwant


=====

       NILESHKUMAR  KOTHARI

jinatma@...




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#5295 From: jyoti kothari <jyoti_kothari@...>
Date: Sun Feb 6, 2005 10:50 am
Subject: Re: [Jain Friends] Queries regarding Jainism
jyoti_kothari
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Dear Ravish,
It is appreciable that u r in quest of knowlwdge.
i would like to little bit satisfy u.

> Q1. Why Jainism could not spread far and wide as
> Budhism, although Mahavir Baghvan was senior
> contemporary of Gautam Budh?
Ans: Jains were, at that time,in my opinion, mainly
looking for their Atmotthana & not for publicity. To
popularise an "Ism" one has to compromise  on their
principle. The then preachers were not ready to do so
,hence the religion was not much spreaded.
U know, Buddhism spreaded all over, especially in
south east asea, china & japan, but the base became so
weak that it has been vanished from China in a single
stroke of communism.
dear Friend, one has to choose between quantity &
quality.
> Q2. Why is that Jains have appeared to be the most
> educated community of India with 94.4% literacy
> rate?
Ans: The Jains have highest regards for
Jnana(Knowledge & wisdom). The highest authority, The
Teerthankaras are mainly regarded for their
Kevela-jnana. Such regards always motivate jains to
learn more & more. Lot of literatures are there to
encourage/ motivate /inspire Jnana. Another reason is
absense / mild presense of superstitions in jains in
comparison to Other indian communities. The Jains are
also more a practicing religion ,so they have self-
control which again leads to more literacy & financial
soundness. Finally,Empowermwnt of women &
Sadharmi-bhakti (Co-operation among jains) is a
measure factor.

> Q3. Why Jains should consider themselves different
> from Hinduism?
This is much defined by san

> Q4. What was the religion of Baghvan Mahavir before
> he started Jainism in this yug?

Ans: As per all sacred Jain texts he was Jain not only
by birth & deeds but following the same continuosly
atleast before 3 births.

Thanx,
jyoti Kothari

>

#5296 From: panks jain <pajarotouch@...>
Date: Mon Jan 24, 2005 11:15 am
Subject: jain history of famous somnath temple
pajarotouch
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Somnath jain story traced as it is ( partly mailed to you all )… in muslim research against Hinduism  

Somnath, (Prof. Romila Thapar, renowned historian who teaches at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, makes clear in a recently published piece Somanatha: Narratives of a History. ) she notes, is first mentioned in the Mahabharata as a place for pilgrimage which did not have a temple until much later. The Shaivite temple at Somnath actually dates to the late ninth or early tenth century. Somnath was then a thriving port, a great centre of trade with Muslim

Arabia and Iran. A sizeable portion of the income that the temple earned from pilgrims was invested in the lucrative West Asian trade. Thapar tells us that well before Mahmud appeared on the scene, several local Hindu rajas, such as the Chudasamas, Abhiras and Yadavas, would regularly attack pilgrims on their way to Somnath and loot them of the money and valuables that they intended to donate to the temple. In other words, Mahmud was certainly not the first of the raiders attracted to Somnath by the legendary tales of its fabulous wealth.

A different picture emerges from the Jain accounts of this period. Dhanapala, an eleventh century Jain poet, attached to the Paramara court in Malwa and a contemporary of Mahmud, writes in his Satyauriya Mahavira Utasha, that Mahmud had been unable to damage the idols of Mahavira in the Jain temples. Dhanapala saw this as proof of the ‘superior power’ of Jainism over its historical rival, Shaivism. Hemachandra, the early twelfth century Jain author of the Dvayashraya Kavya, writes that the Hindu Chalukya king of Gujarat was greatly angered by the destruction of temples by the rakshsas, daityas and asuras [demons]. Curiously, he identifies these vandals not as Muslims or Turks but as local Hindu rajas. The Chalukya king, he tells us, then went on a pilgrimage to Somnath and found the temple in a state of neglect and disrepair, and apparently felt that ‘it was a disgrace that the local [Hindu] rajas were plundering the pilgrims’. Accordingly, he ordered the temple to be repaired. Interestingly, this very same

Chalukyan king also ordered the construction of a mosque at Cambay, which was later torn down in an attack by the Hindu Paramaras of Malwa, who are also known to have looted and destroyed many Jain temples built by their Chalukyan rivals. As Thapar perceptively notes, it would seem that places of worship were seen in this game of politics as ‘a statement of power [because of which] they could become a target of attack, irrespective of religious affiliations’.

Since the temple of Somnath was a store-house of great wealth, the Chalukyan kings of Gujarat took strong measures to prevent it from being looted by, among others, the local rajas, all of whom happened to be Hindus. A twelfth century inscription tells us that the Chalukyan king Kumarapala appointed a governor at Somnath to protect the temple ‘against the piracy and looting of the local rajas’. In another inscription dating a century later, the Chalukyan kings are portrayed as protecting the site from being looted by the Hindu rajas of Malwa. The Prabhaspattana inscription of 1169 speaks of the appointment of one Bhava Brihaspati as the chief priest of the temple, who reportedly persuaded the Chalukyan king Kumarapala to repair the temple because ‘it was an old structure, much neglected by the officers’. Curiously, there is no mention of Mahmud’s attack on the temple. Thapar says that this is perhaps because ‘the looting of a temple was not such an extraordinary event’, since it had been a frequent occurrence since well before Mahmud’s invasion.

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#5297 From: YMalaiya <ymalaiya@...>
Date: Sun Feb 6, 2005 6:43 pm
Subject: The little garbhgriha of the Parshvanath temple in Khajuraho
ymalaiya
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To solve the mystery, let us look at the layout of the temples in Khajuraho below. Notice that the large cluster of the royal Chandella temples (Kandariay Mahadeva etc) on on the West side near a lake. It used to be a much bigger lake in the times of Chandella kings. 
 
On the other hand the Jain temples are on the East edge of the Khajuraho village. You can not see the old village in the map below, but  it is just to the West of the Ghantai Temple.
 
It seems that the Jain neigbourhood in Khajuraho in the Chandella peiod was on the Eastern side, and the Jain Temples were build on the East edge of the city. Continued below.
 
 
city map of khajuraho
 
 
 
 
Now, according to the convention, temples were required to face East. Thus the entrance to the Parshvanath Temple was not on the side of the township, rather it faced away. The builders thus decided to build a smaller chamber on the West of the temple, which would face the Jain neighborhood.
 
About one and half century ago, the Jains build an enclosure incorporating older structures. This is the Shantinath Temple. Since it was necessary to have it facing the town, the gateway (below) faces  West.
 
Yashwant 
 


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#5298 From: YMalaiya <ymalaiya@...>
Date: Sun Feb 6, 2005 6:23 pm
Subject: Exploring a Khajuraho Parshvanath Temple Mystery
ymalaiya
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There is something unusual about the famous Parshvanath Temple at Khajuraho. Look at these pictures.
 
 
Notice that there is a little garbhagriha on the backside of the temple (on the western side), which you can see in the two photos above. The main door in on the East side. Why did the builders do that?
 
I'll have the answer soon.
 


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#5299 From: luizmtr@...
Date: Sun Feb 6, 2005 8:32 pm
Subject: Universe
luizmtr@...
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Dear Gentlemen

Does Jainism believe at Big-Bang?

Is Alokakasha Universe?

Are there Scientists Jainists?

sincerely

luiz
________________________________________________________________________________\
___
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Disque 0 + 21 + código da cidade + número do telefone

www.embratel.com.br

#5300 From: "sreepal5058" <sreepal5058@...>
Date: Mon Feb 7, 2005 3:04 am
Subject: Re: [Jain Friends] Queries regarding Jainism-more
sreepal5058
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Samyak darshan

Dear Shri Ravish Jain,

Let soul secure samyakthva.

Sub: Queries
Ref: Tue . 1st Feb. 2005
Yours are questions but are peripheral or tangential.
However it is doubt and need to be cleared as a Jain.

Q.NO.01)
Q1. Why Jainism could not spread far and wide as
Budhism, although Mahavir Baghvan was senior
contemporary of Gautam Budh?

Reply:
Firstly Jain Dharma is not Jainism. Isms are man made
mundane canons for economic or political
considerations. Jain Dharma is universal in content
and lasting bliss is its intent.

No doubt all most all the proponents the numerous
faiths in this universe are sure that the mundane
existence is all but suffering alone and search is on
to get relieved from this lasting suffering.

Soul the knower and seer – gynaatha and dhrishta alone
can know and feel the pain and pleasure. Body made out
of inert dead material do not and cannot at any point
of time the rare quality of knowing and seeing.

Faiths that do not base their findings on Soul will
not deliver goods. But all most all the faiths are
body based and those few which speak of soul are
partial or mistaken.

Content and intent of Jain Dharma is purely and
exclusively soul based Dharma.

You know that soul and body are co housed from
beginning less time and soul is conscious and non
physical substance but body is physical and non
conscious substance.

Of course all the other 5 of the 6 kinds of substances
which constitutes this universe are also explained
only to distance them as they are of no use for the
attainment of lasting bliss an inseparable quality of
soul. Soul is invisible and body, the inert dead
material is visible. Thus visible body carries more
faith among the world population as sensory feelings
constantly remind only body and not soul.

Budhism is one such faith which does not carry faith
on the existence of soul and its accent is more on the
impermanency of the world. Therefore the sensory
pleasures take the toll and the dominance and spreads
faster and wider.

That apart, archeological findings thorough out the
world do prove the prevalence of the followers of Jina
Dharma but human beings be it Jain or non jain
succumbs to the pressures of sensory pleasures in the
endless passage of time.


Q2. Why is that Jains have appeared to be the most
educated community of India with 94.4% literacy rate?

Reply:
To be born as Jain is the result of utmost punnya and
naturally the intelligentsia is of high order besides
the population being small the percentage of literacy
also contributes for its high rate.

Q3. Why Jains should consider themselves different
from Hinduism?

Reply:
Jina Dharma is based on nature of substance and
Hindusim a conglomeration of multi faced faiths are
based on super power or mono or multi gods.

Q4. What was the religion of Baghvan Mahavir before he
started Jainism in this yug?

Reply:
Baghavaan Mahavir was born in a Kshatriya family and
HE was the follower of Jina Dharma as Jina Dharma has
no beginning and no ending.

Truth is of Kevalin and rest is mine.

Know thyself and be thyself is of Kevalin, by Kevalin
and for Kevalin.

Now for the participants,

Yours brotherly,
sreepalan

---

#5301 From: jyoti kothari <jyoti_kothari@...>
Date: Tue Feb 8, 2005 5:00 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Universe
jyoti_kothari
Send Email Send Email
 
Dear Luiz,

1.I do not find any reference of Big-bang in Jain
texts. But principally there is no agreement or
disagreement about the same except as per Jain faith
universe is eternal.
2.No. Alokakasha is a place where no substance except
akasha exists. As per jain metaphysics there are 6
substances (Shat Dravya) namely 1. Dharmastikaya 2.
adharmastikaya 3.Akashastikaya 4.Pudgalastikaya 5.
jeevastikaya 6.Kala. All these may be compared with
ether, field,space, Matter, soul, & time of the modern
vocabullary. Lokakasha ,where all these 6 substances
exists, can be compared with the Universe.
3. I can not properly understand ur 3rd querry about
Jainists/ scientists. Pls clear the same.
Thanx,
Jyoti
--- luizmtr@... wrote:

>
> Dear Gentlemen
>
> Does Jainism believe at Big-Bang?
>
> Is Alokakasha Universe?
>
> Are there Scientists Jainists?
>
> sincerely
>
> luiz
>
________________________________________________________________________________\
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> Do fixo ou do celular a Embratel é a melhor opção.
> Disque 0 + 21 + código da cidade + número do
> telefone
>
> www.embratel.com.br
>
>
>
>
>




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#5302 From: Sreepalan VC <sreepal5058@...>
Date: Wed Feb 9, 2005 3:12 am
Subject: Samyak Darshan-short note on scriptures for study-prayer/pooja-edible food.
sreepal5058
Send Email Send Email
 
Samyak darshan

Dear Shri Pinkesh Vasant Shah,

Let soul secure samyakthva.

Sub: Scriptures for study – prayer / pooja – edible
things and purpose.
Ref: 8st Feb. 2005

Kind of you to have gone thro’ the submission and
thank for the sentiments expressed.

Now for the points raised the following is placed.

Scriptures for study:
Not knowing the level of your information on Jina
Dharma, it is suggested to study and not read
scriptures and not called books for the purpose of
knowing and understanding, who one is and what is
one’s purpose of living in the bodied stage? Any
disagreement, and if so please come up.

Scriptures that teach one to help understand self –
soul and its purpose while in mundane stage are two
kinds and one is basic and fundamental and the other
is advanced.

Any shravakaachar – house holders’ duty or conduct and
Shri Dhravayasangrah will be more suitable to start
with. These are available in English, Hindi and
Gujarati.

Self study – swaadhyaaya – is the first step in the
study of Jina Dharma as Jina Dharma is only about
swa-dharma – nature of self/soul or swa-darshan –
belief or sight of self - soul.

Prayer / Pooja:
Prayer is a method of concentrating one’s thinking by
chanting either with or without sound on the qualities
of self. And in doing so one has to get the
inspiration of role model’s qualiteise – i.e.,
Thrithankar’s or Arihant Paramseshtin’s whose idol is
available in Jinaalaya.

The purpose of the prayer is to remember one’s own
qualities which are in no way different from that of
Arihant and which remembrance help one to emulate Him
and become pure - Siddha.

This activity if done properly keeps away one from the
inflow of paap karma and causes inflow of punnya
karma.

Pooja:
To worship one who has attained liberation from the
cycle of birth and death and secured ever lasting
bliss – Nirvaan is called pooja. ‘Poojyako poojna
pooja’ meaning to remind one of one’s own qualities by
  praising the qualities of the deified one – Arihant
Parameshtin who has zeroed his connections with this
world and so called poojya. Besides HE is no less or
more than any soul and committing oneself before the
idol of Arihant Parameshtin that one will follow HIS
footsteps to reach HIS stage.

This is also another kind of activity in the mundane
stage to keep away from the inflow of bad karma –
paapa karma and causes inflow of punnya karma and
indirectly help – nimitta – one to progress toward
liberation.

Consumption of food and foodstuff:
Consumption of food according to Jina Dharma is one of
the 18 defects of soul and is permitted or exempted
for a house holder with limitations and some extent to
renounced one’s as long as eating is for the purpose
of prosecuting the path of Moksha marg – liberation
path and not otherwise.

Such an act of eating for a restricted purpose, it has
to be harmless both for the eater and eaten to
restrain or contain the inflow of paap karma.

Abaksh – that which is harmful both for the eater and
eaten is called forbidden edible things.

So prefer to consume or use food stuff mostly dried
ones and least greens besides complete avoidance of
roots. Cooked foods and fruits have time limit and
confine with in it. Avoid fruits with flow of white
liquid generally called milk and are described in
detail in Shravakaachar.

Eating is only to sustain body from becoming weak and
replenish energy to perform normal day to day work.

This is the brief information which could be placed on
board the discussion table and for more details
scriptures explained herein above will provide
required information.

Truth is of Kevalin and rest is mine.

Know thyself and be thyself is of Kevalin, by Kevalin
and for Kevalin.

Now for the participants,

Yours brotherly,
sreepalan




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#5303 From: luizmtr@...
Date: Thu Feb 10, 2005 1:59 am
Subject: Re: [JainList] Universe
luizmtr@...
Send Email Send Email
 
Dear Gentlemen

thank you very much for your e-mail , excuse me but my english is poor.

In relation my third question about Jain scientits  is :

Are there cosmologists , astronomers and physiscs profess the Jain Faith ?

Jai Jinendra

Luiz


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telefone
e aproveite as vantagens que só o 21 da Embratel oferece

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#5304 From: "Pinkesh Vasant Shah" <shahpinkeshv@...>
Date: Thu Feb 10, 2005 2:30 am
Subject: Re: [JainList] Samyak Darshan-short note on scriptures for study-prayer/pooja-edible food.
shahpinkeshv@...
Send Email Send Email
 

 
Dear Mr. Sreepalan,

I am very thankful for the infomation you have provided.
This has definetely helped me resolve my query.

I am Digamber Jain. But i daily go to Swetamber temple as
1) It is closer to our house
2) In our society, we are the only one to be Digamber & since childhood i use to go to Swetamber temple with my friends.
Actually i become religious just because of that only.
3) Gods are same in Digamber & Swetamber temple.

If i ask any of my friend to come to our temple than they don't come. They will just wait outside the temple.
Why is this difference within the same religion?

I have friends who are Christains, few are Catholic & few are Protestian. In there religion also the same thing is there. But they have some  logic besides not going to others Church as some belive in Jesus & some believe in Mother Marry.

Can you clarify this doubt with regards to our religion only.


Regard's,

Pinkesh Shah
Cell No. : 98190 32161



Be in touch.

Regard's,

Pinkesh Shah

On Wed, 09 Feb 2005 Sreepalan VC wrote :
>
>
>Samyak darshan
>
>Dear Shri Pinkesh Vasant Shah,
>
>Let soul secure samyakthva.
>
>Sub: Scriptures for study – prayer / pooja – edible
>things and purpose.
>Ref: 8st Feb. 2005
>
>Kind of you to have gone thro’ the submission and
>thank for the sentiments expressed.
>
>Now for the points raised the following is placed.
>
>Scriptures for study:
>Not knowing the level of your information on Jina
>Dharma, it is suggested to study and not read
>scriptures and not called books for the purpose of
>knowing and understanding, who one is and what is
>one’s purpose of living in the bodied stage? Any
>disagreement, and if so please come up.
>


#5305 From: Asu Shah <jigar_183@...>
Date: Fri Feb 11, 2005 5:26 am
Subject: Jai Jinendra
jigar_183
Send Email Send Email
 
Hi
My name is Asu Shah. I live in USA since 3 years. I was very religious when i was in india,but now its all gone. I am studying medicine and i have some serious concerns about relating science with jainism.. i am confused a lot.
Jai jinendra


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#5306 From: Sreepalan VC <sreepal5058@...>
Date: Fri Feb 11, 2005 3:44 am
Subject: Re: [JainList] Samyak Darshan-short note on scriptures for study-prayer/pooja-edible food.
sreepal5058
Send Email Send Email
 
Samyak darshan

Dear Shri Pinkesh Vasant Shah,

Let soul secure samyakthva.

Sub: Scriptures for study – prayer / pooja – edible
things and purpose.
Ref: 10th Feb. 2005

Kind of you to have gone thro’ the submission and
nice, it is, to have raised doubts afresh.

Now for the points raised the following is placed.

Quote:
I am Digamber Jain. But i daily go to Swetamber temple
as
1) It is closer to our house
2) In our society, we are the only one to be Digamber
& since childhood i use to go to Swetamber temple with
my friends.
Actually i become religious just because of that only.
3) Gods are same in Digamber & Swetamber temple.

If i ask any of my friend to come to our temple than
they don't come. They will just wait outside the
temple.
Why is this difference within the same religion?

Reply:
Attending temple is a good habit and maintenance of
Digamber Jain Tradition.

Digamber is one who has accepted the nirgranthathva –
possession less
ness both internal and external. Digmber means Dig =
four sides + amber = cloths. All the four sides are
the apparel for the soul. This is the meaning of
Digamber.

If the roll model – Arihant Parameshtin - to be
emulated for which only one visits temple, it should
conform to the above mentioned principle. The idol in
the Swethamber temple is all decorated as you know and
the very name suggests that it is white clad i.e.,
sweth = white + amber = cloth. Naturally it does not
conform to the truth of the Digamber Jain Darshan. You
would wonder that the whole world is in digamber
condition as is there any living or non living being
dressed except so called civilized human beings, of
course barring aboriginals?

So, it is every likely hood that you may, by passage
of time to accept  a non-nirganth condition of worship
worthy idol. Arguments may be numerous but it should
satisfy the logic and nyaaya.

Choice is one’s.

Make efforts to develop a small chaityalaya in your
house itself if enough space is there and if you can
afford and if not obtain a small Digamber Idol of 3-4
inches high, install it in the pooja room if one is
there and if not do it in a compartment in a cabinet
cleaned and kept. Daily have the darshan of Vitraag
Baghavaan. Sit or stand before the idlol and do prayer
or dhyaan daily one time or three times.
This will certainly help sprout in you passionless
ness and set peace and calmness - the quality of soul.


Religion is a tool and is the set codes of conduct for
achieving the goal or purpose of liberation and secure
one’s inalienable quality of lasting bliss. But
calling and being religious is not the be all and end
all of practicing Jina Dharma it is only a prelude or
ground work.

Doubtless, it is, that Arihant Paramehtins or
Thirthankars names both in Digamber and Swethamaber
and all other Jain traditions are same but the
depiction of their idols are not portraying the
principles THEY followed.

It is not clear from your statement who your friends
who stay away from entering Swethamber temple. Whether
they are Digambers or swethambers?

Quote:
I have friends who are Christains, few are Catholic &
few are Protestian. In there religion also the same
thing is there. But they have some  logic besides not
going to others Church as some belive in Jesus & some
believe in Mother Marry.

Reply:
Your doubt as to why two or more different thinking in
the followers of one religion is very well explained
by your own above mentioned statement relating to
Christians. It is right belief, right knowledge and
right conduct alone will deliver goods.

Truth is of Kevalin and rest is mine.

Know thyself and be thyself is of Kevalin, by Kevalin
and for Kevalin.

Now for the participants,

Yours brotherly,
sreepalan

--- Pinkesh Vasant Shah <shahpinkeshv@...>
wrote:

>   
> Dear Mr. Sreepalan,
>
> I am very thankful for the infomation you have
> provided.
> This has definetely helped me resolve my query.
>
>

#5307 From: MANISH MODI <manish.modi@...>
Date: Fri Feb 11, 2005 10:29 am
Subject: SAMAGRA JAIN CATURMASA SUCI - 2004 (Hindi)
manish.modi@...
Send Email Send Email
 
mokshamargasya netaram bhettaram karmabhubhrtam
        jñataram vishvatattvanam vande tadgunalabdhaye

Jaya Jinendra

SAMAGRA JAIN CATURMASA SUCI - 2004 (Hindi)
Ed. Babulal Jain Ujjval
2004    240 x 178 mm    370 pp
Paperback

This is the only list of its kind in the Jain community! All of the
Jain community's 225 Acaryas, 2937 monks and 10376 nuns
have been covered. Their sect, sub-sect, gaccha, etc. have
been described along with the place of their four month-long
monsoon stay.

Jain monks and nuns, except for the monsoon season, move
about from place to place, not staying in one place for more
than four days. Only in the rainy season, Jain monks stay in
one place for 4 to 5 months. These months are known as the
Caturmasa. This is a period of increased religious activity in
the Jain community as the laypersons, taking a cue from the
monks and nuns, participate in group study, communal fasting,
religious rituals, etc. The Caturmasa is also a time of great
religious fervour and increased literary output, as the monks
and nuns are all staying in one place for a stretch of 4 months
and hence many new Jain publications are released at this
time.

The Jains are divided into 2 sects : The Digambaras and the
Shvetambaras. The Shvetambaras are further divided into
the Murtipujakas, the Sthanakavasis and the Terapanthis.

Hence, monks and nuns are classified in the 4 categories
of Digambara, Shvetambara Murtipujaka, Shvetambara
Sthanakavasi and Shvetambara Terapanthi.

Since Jain monks travel extensively and spend the four
months of the rainy season in various parts of India, it is a
Herculean task to get all their names, where they are staying,
their contact information, etc. and bring together this
information in one book. The editor is to be credited for
doing such a huge combinatory work.

Some interesting data:

The largest no. of monks and nuns are in the Shvetambara
Murtipujaka tradition.

Digambara Acarya Vidyasagara's is the only Jain Sangh
where all the monks and nuns are bal-Brahmacharis. No
other Jain Sangh has 100% monks and nuns who are all
bal-Brahmacharis.

This book is a very interesting and very useful collection,
extremely low priced and a great asset to any student of
Jainism.

|| sarvatra shubhamastu ||
    Manish

HINDI GRANTH KARYALAY
Booksellers and Publishers
9, Hirabaug, C.P. Tank, Mumbai 400004 INDIA
Phones: +91 22 20622600 / 23826739
E-mail: manish.modi@...
Web: www.hindibooks.8m.com

To order books please write to <manish.modi@...>

Want to know about the latest publications in Jainism, Sanskrit
and ancient Indian wisdom?
Please click on http://groups.yahoo.com/group/JainandIndology/
Else, send an email to <JainandIndology-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>

Want to know about the latest publications in Hindi and Urdu literature?
Please click on  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Hindibooks/
Else, send an email to <Hindibooks-subscribe@yahoogroups.com>

#5308 From: Pritish Shah <pritish@...>
Date: Fri Feb 11, 2005 1:01 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Jai Jinendra
pritish
Send Email Send Email
 
Asu,
 
I personally am extremely scientific. Keep one thing in mind -- all the books that have been written about Jainism have not been written by Mahavir -- though mostly true, it is not absolute truth.
 
This is what this group is for -- to help you understand Jainism from your prespective.
 
Ask any questions you want. I am pretty sure that some of our learned members will be able to respond to your answer and if they are not, will be able to direct you to places/people where you can find the answer.
 
Jai Jinendra
Pritish

Asu Shah <jigar_183@...> wrote:
Hi
My name is Asu Shah. I live in USA since 3 years. I was very religious when i was in india,but now its all gone. I am studying medicine and i have some serious concerns about relating science with jainism.. i am confused a lot.
Jai jinendra


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#5310 From: Piyush Doshi <paknr@...>
Date: Sat Feb 12, 2005 2:26 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Jai Jinendra
paknr
Send Email Send Email
 
Dear Asu,

Jai Jinendra...

I have been in the US for just about 30 years.  I came
in the States when I was very young.  Indeed, it was
difficult to think that we can practice Jainism in the
manner as we did in India.

These days, our community has been very strong in
leveraging what ever we can to promote Jainism.
Building Dehrasars for worship and Satsang on
small/large scale basis.  We are also fortunate that
during summer months, we often get a chance to meet
with either Sadhus-Sadhavi Maharaj or Pandits and
other learned gurus.   Where there are not too many
Jains, they have often partnered with other religious
groups to come together and build a multi-religious
temples.

Regardless of whether you are in India, US or any
place, we all have learned and developed our own way
of practice Jainism.  Just because you no longer can
go to Dehrasar or Upashaya on a daily, or meet Sadhus
& Sadhavi Maharaj shouldn't mean that you are less of
a religious person.

As for my views on Science & Jainism:  At times, even
I too feel confused and get caught with doubts.
However, reading books, being in right Satsang, and
asking more learned Jains, often enough, I have been
able to resolve the conflicts in my mind.

My intent was to give you strengh to overcome your
concerns as this group and your near-by Jains will
have lot more to offer.

Mitchhami Dukkadam to all of you if I have said
anything against Jainism.  Please correct my mistakes.


Piyush.


--- Asu Shah <jigar_183@...> wrote:

> Hi
> My name is Asu Shah. I live in USA since 3 years. I
> was very religious when i was in india,but now its
> all gone. I am studying medicine and i have some
> serious concerns about relating science with
> jainism.. i am confused a lot.
> Jai jinendra
>
>
> ---------------------------------
> Do you Yahoo!?
>  Read only the mail you want - Yahoo! Mail
SpamGuard.




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#5311 From: "soumitra bandi" <sam_bandi@...>
Date: Sat Feb 12, 2005 7:11 pm
Subject: Re: [JainList] Universe
sam_bandi22
Send Email Send Email
 
Jai Jinendra.

I dont think so, because universe was never created nor can it be
distroyed, according to Jain dharma.

SOUMITRA BANDI

On Mon, 07 Feb 2005 luizmtr@... wrote :
>Dear Gentlemen
>Does Jainism believe at Big-Bang?
>Is Alokakasha Universe?
>Are there Scientists Jainists?
>sincerely
>luiz
>_______________________________________________________________________________\
____
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>Disque 0 + 21 + código da cidade + número do telefone
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>Yahoo! Terms of Service
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#5312 From: "Dr. C. Devakumar" <cdevakumar@...>
Date: Sun Feb 13, 2005 6:55 pm
Subject: Re: Our common predicaments as shared by Shri Asu Shah
cdevakumar
Send Email Send Email
 

Jai Jinendra

Young Asu Shah was very kind to share his feeling in the following message:

"My name is Asu Shah. I live in USA since 3 years. I was very religious when i was in india,but now its all gone. I am studying medicine and i have some  serious concerns about relating science with  jainism.. I am confused a lot. "
Dear Asu,

I do not know what is your confusion. If one identifies any religion with a mere set of rituals, I believe the real confusion begins and engulfs us. I have peened the following message and posted it on 4th April 2004. It may not address all your predicaments but one or two I guess. Please share your response after you go through this message. I am sorry that it was not written with your context in mind at that time. So you have to make use of the core idea behind it.

What is Jainism? The core idea:

"It is the belief and practice of disembarking the material boundaries of likes and dislikes and at the same time embarking on the eternal state of equanimity. This process does not need any other tool except the one who wants to do it for oneself. "

With best wishes and michchami dukkadam

Dev

What is Jainism?

During the last 40 odd years I was trying to understand this great religion which I inherited by birth. Is this religion great just because it is my religion? This was another question I used to pose on and off. Several rituals that have been associated with it did not make my job of understanding it any easier. It looked similar if not identical with Hinduism on a superficial gleaning. So I can empathize easily with many who cannot separate Jainism from Hinduism. So I pursued this further.

Today, I find it a very simple religion made complex by many rituals and sects. Let me now elucidate my understanding of Jainism.

Jainism is a religion of soul. So you must first believe that what you are is a soul. This positive belief is called theism. In this there is no room for creator-God. This self-belief is the first and foremost of Jainism. The second aspect is that there are infinite numbers of souls around you. The soul is an embodiment of cognition or consciousness (knowledge and perception). Each soul is capable of knowing it and others. So what is the big deal?

In reality, you or I, the souls do not know our true identity. Strange, it appears but true.  Just like souls, our universe has non-souls as well. Non-souls by definition are devoid of this cognition.  Among the non-souls, the most fascinating one is called matter. What we see, hear, smell, touch is all matter.  But in reality they don’t matter because a soul does not need them for its existence and expression. Each substance be it a soul or a non-soul is capable of independent existence and expression. So the souls that is you and I perceive us as an embodiment of matter as a matter of fact and behave so. In other words, you and I have been impersonating as some one and this impersonation has been going on without we knowing it. The matter has two important binding forces called forces of attraction and repulsion. So we, the souls have assumed these two forces as our own and transformed them as likes and dislikes. So essentially three forces which drive us away from knowing and living independently are the illusion of identity and temptations of likes and dislikes.

So what is the way out? It depends on you and I. What do you mean? Am I satisfied with this state of misrepresentation or falsehood and continue to survive like this or free from this falsehood and dependence on non-cognitive matter. So you have to make this choice. You may very well ask this question. Why not try to be in this state and maximize my survival. Let me tell you all religions I know of are based on this mechanism. In fact, many if not all of them even do not have such rationale or choice. Most of them have invented a creator God and assigned Him this duty of perpetuation of this bonded life to all beings. So if you do not have conviction and self-belief, then you can follow any religion. Thanks to medieval transgression, most of what we follow within Jainism subscribes to this “art” of perpetuation of impersonated life style. It is said 99.99999… per cent in fact prefer to “ live within this domain” and accept it as fait accompli or fate of destiny.

I hear, you want to revolt. There you are. For you is this true religion called Jainism worth it. You want freedom from dependence or bondage with matter. The simplest way ordained by Tirthankar is to free yourself from the forces of likes and dislikes. Perceive you as a free independent, cognitive entity free of all material connotations of physical body, mind etc. You have no fixed shape; you are beyond the conventions of gender, race, religion, caste, nation etc. You are all yourself. You neither hate anybody nor like anyone. You instill self-belief and install yourself as an embodiment of supercognition setting aside the clouds and colours of matter. Whatever happens to you bear without any reaction tinged with anger, greed, conceit, ego etc or  feelings of pain, pleasure and forbear them with equanimity. These are past bonded forces now uncoiling and releasing their effect. Unknowing you earned them that way. So they bear their fruit now. Let them wither away. No regrets and no reaction whatsoever.

I hear you saying, it is not just possible overnight; True. But let us make a beginning in this direction. Never deter from this determination of freeing yourself. One day, surely one day, you will be free, independent and your cognition would reach all iota of space in the universe and beyond. You can know each and every one in all aspects instantly and constantly. This has been your ambition and you have achieved just that. This is called Purusharth. You have by then reached the end of the arduous journey (Siddhant).

So what is Jainism then? It is the belief and practice of disembarking the material boundaries of likes and dislikes and at the same time embarking on the eternal state of equanimity. This process does not need any other tool except the one who wants to do it for oneself. So shall we do it now?

Michchami dukkadam, Jai Jinendra!

Dev



.

--- Asu Shah wrote:

>> Jai jinendra




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#5313 From: luizmtr@...
Date: Sat Feb 12, 2005 7:12 pm
Subject: Sthanakwasi
luizmtr@...
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Dear Gentelmen

I am Luiz and I admire and respect Jainism. Do somebody know any monks Swetambar
Sthanakwasi? I make this question because I admire a lot the person is monk .
The life monastic is Saint and Noble.  Please if possible send a hug to a monk
Sthanakwasi. excuse me but my english is poor.

Jai Jinendra

luiz
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